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EDUCATION  DTTPT, 


MONTEITH'S 


YOUTH'S    HI  S  TOE  Y 


OF     THE 


UNITED    STATES. 


YOUTH'S  HISTORY 


OF  THE 


UNITED    STATES. 


DESIGNED     FOE 


INTERMEDIATE  CLASSES  IN  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS. 


BY    JAMES    MONTEITH, 


PRINCIPAL  OF   GRAMMAR   SCHOOL  NO.    XVII.,    NEW   YORK  —  AUTHOR   OF   A   SERIES   OF  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHIES. 


NEW  YORK: 

PUBLISHED  BY  A.  S.  BARNES  &  BURR, 

NOS.    51    &    53    JOHK-STREET.    * 


EDUC A  _.,:,  DEPTi: 


GEOGRAJPHY    A^ISTD    HISTORY. 

NATIONAL  SERIES   OF  GEOGRAPHIES, 

BY  JAMES  MONTEITH  AND  FRANCIS  MclVALLY. 


MONTEITH'S  FIRST  LESSONS  IN  GEOGRAPHY, 
MOMEITH'S  INTRODUCTION  TO  MANUAL  OF  GEOG, 


MONTEITH'S  NEW  MANUAL  OF  GEOGRAPHY, 
McNALLY'S  COMPLETE  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY, 


Monteith's  First  Lessons  in  Geography— Introduction  to  Manual  of  Geography— and  New  Manual  of 
Geography,  are  arranged  on  the  catechetical  plan,  which  has  proved  to  be  the  best  and  most  successful  method  of  teaching  this 
branch  of  study.  The  questions  and  answers  are  models  of  brevity  and  adaptation,  and  the  maps  are  simple,  accurate,  and  beautiful. 

McNally's  Geography  completes  the  series,  and  follows  the  same  general  plan.  The  maps  are  splendidly  engraved,  beautifully 
colored,  and  perfectly  accurate ;  and  a  profile  of  the  country,  showing  the  elevations  and  depressions  of  land,  is  given  at  the  bottom  of 
the  maps.  The  order  and  arrangement  of  map  questions  are  also  peculiarly  happy  and  systematic,  and  the  descriptive  matter  just  what 
is  needed,  and  nothing  more.  No  series  heretofore  published  has  been  so  extensively  introduced  in  so  short  L  time,  or  has  gained  such 
a  wide-spread  popularity. 

1 

THE  NATIONAL  SERIES  OF  HISTORIES,  MYTHOLOGY,  &c. 

MONTEITH'S  YOUTH'S  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.     Designed  for  Junior  Classes  in 

Public  and  Private  Schools :  and  copiously  illustrated  with  Maps  and  Engravings. 

WILLARD'S   SCHOOL   HISTORY   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES.     With  Maps  and  Engravings. 
WILLARD'S  LARGE   HISTORY   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.     With  Maps  and  Engravings. 
WILLARD'S  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES.     In  Spanish  Language. 
WILLARD'S   UNIVERSAL   HISTORY   IN  PERSPECTIVE.     With  Maps  and  Engravings. 
RICORD'S  ROMAN   HISTORY.     With  Engravings. 

D WIGHT'S   GRECIAN  AND   ROMAN   MYTHOLOGY.     With  Illustrations.      School  Edition. 
MILLS'   HISTORY   OF  THE   ANCIENT   HEBREWS. 

Monteith's  History  of  the  United  States  will  be  found  a  valuable  Introduction  to  Mrs.  WILLARD*S  larger  work. 

Willard's  Histories  are  used  in  a  large  proportion  of  the  High  Schools,  Academies,  and  Female  Seminaries  throughout  the 
United  States,  and  have  been  recommended  by  several  State  Superintendents.  The  History  of  the  United  States  is  so  highly  esteemed, 
as  reliable,  accurate,  and  complete,  that  it  has  been  translated,  and  published  in  the  German,  Spanish,  and  French  languages. 

The  large  work  is  designed  as  a  Text-book  for  ACADEMIES  and  FEMALE  SEMINARIES:  and  also  for  SCHOOL  and  FAMILY  LIBRARIES. 
The  small  work,  being  an  ABRIDGMENT  of  the  same,  is  designed  as  a  Text-book  for  COMMON  SCHOOLS.  The  originality  of  the  plan  consists 
in  dividing  the  time  into  periods,  of  which  the  beginnings  and  terminations  are  marked  by  important  events;  and  constructing  a 
series  of  maps  illustrating  the  progress  of  the  settlement  of  the  country,  and  the  regular  advance  of  civilisation.  A  full  chrono 
logical  table  will  be  found,  in  which  all  the  events  of  the  History  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  time.  There  is  appended  to  the  work 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  a  series  of  Questions  adapted  to  each  chapter,  so  that  the  work  may  be  used  in  Schools 
and  for  private  instruction. 

Dwight's  Mythology  is  peculiarly  adapted  for  use  as  a  Class-book  in  High  Schools,  Academies,  and  Seminaries,  and  is  indis 
pensable  to  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  ancient  history,  and  to  a  proper  appreciation  of  the  classical  allusions  constantly  occurring  in 
the  writings  of  the  best  authors.  It  is  also  very  valuable  for  private  reading  and  study. 

Ricord's  Roman  History  is  also  designed  as  a  Text-book  for  Schools,  and  for  private  reading  and  reference.  It  is  the  most 
complete  and  condensed  history  of  the  Romans  before  the  public,  and  will  be  found  exceedingly  interesting,  and  very  valuable  to  all, 
especially  to  those  wishing  to  be  familiar  with  the  classics. 

A.  S.  BARNES  <&.  BURR, 

Publishers  of  the  National  Series  of  /Standard  /School  Books, 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1858,  by 

JAMES    MONTEITH, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  kisMct  Court  of  ,$19  United  States  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


PLAN    OF    THE    WORK. 


THE  following  are  the  principal  features  of  this  work,  viz. : 

1st.  It  is  arranged  in  the  catechetical  form,  and  contains  all  the  important  facts  of 
American  History,  systematized  in  such  a  manner  that  the  pupil  advances  with  profit 
and  pleasure. 

2d.  MAPS,  with  special  reference  to  the  matter,  are  introduced,  with  geographical 
exercises,  affording  the  learner  a  knowledge  of  the  localities  of  battle-grounds,  forts, 
&c.,  mentioned  in  history. 

3d.  The  REVIEW  of  each  year,  or  period,  will  be  found  very  serviceable  in  rendering 
more  impressive  the  parts  over  which  the  learner  has  just  passed.  A  valuable  feature 
here  is,  that  the  questions  in  the  Review  are  not  only  varied  in  form,  but  the  questions 
and  answers  of  the  preceding  exercises  are  reversed  in  the  Review : — thus,  in  the  exer 
cises — "  In  what  year  was  America  discovered  ?  Ans.  1492."  The  REVIEW  QUESTION 
would  be, — "  For  what  is  the  year  1492  memorable  ?" 

4th.  As  beginners  are  so  often  perplexed  and  discouraged  in  their  efforts  to  commit 
to  memory  the  dates,  these  are  inclosed  in  parentheses ;  so  that  they  may  be  omitted 
until  the  learner  has  acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  events. 

5th.  The  book  contains  Biographical  Sketches  of  all  persons  who  have  been  promi 
nently  identified  with  the  history  of  our  country.  The  importance  of  this  addition  to 
a  history  is  very  apparent. 

Throughout  the  preparation  of  this  work,  the  most  reliable  and  popular  authorities 
have  been  consulted. 

The  Author  takes  this  occasion  to  express  his  warmest  thanks  to  Mrs.  EMMA 
WILLAKD,  the  Authoress  of  many  celebrated  and  popular  works,  for  permitting  a 
number  of  her  valuable  maps  from  her  larger  School  History  to  appear  in  this  work. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

EARLY  DISCOVERIES 9 

VIRGINIA 13 

NEW  YORK 15 

MASSACHUSETTS IT 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  CONNECTICUT,  EHODE  ISLAND,  AND  MARYLAND 18 

NEW  JERSEY,  DELAWARE,  PENNSYLVANIA,  AND  NORTH  CAROLINA 19 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  GEORGIA,  MAINE,  VERMONT,  TENNESSEE,  AND  KENTUCKY 20 

OHIO,   LOUISIANA,   INDIANA,   MISSISSIPPI,   ILLINOIS,   ALABAMA,   MISSOURI,   ARKANSAS,   AND 

MICHIGAN 21 

FLORIDA,  TEXAS,  IOWA,  WISCONSIN,  CALIFORNIA,  MINNESOTA,  OREGON,  AND  WASHINGTON-.  22 

KANSAS,  NEBRASKA,  DACOTAH,  AND  ARIZONA 23 

THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR 23 

THE  REVOLUTION — 1775 28 

"  "  1776 , 32 

"  "  1777 35 

"  "  1778 38 

"  "  1779 40 

"  "  1780 43 

"  "  1781 45 

"  "  1782  AND  1783 47 

CONSTITUTION  FORMED  . .  ....   48 


CONTEXTS. 

^^^x-^^^- '^^-^'-x^-x^-x^-v^s^^x-v^^^'x^^x-N^^x-v^1 

PAGE. 

WAR  WITH  GREAT  BRITAIN — 1812 49 

"  "  u  1813 52 

"  "  "  1814 , 54 

"  "  "  1815 56 

WAR  WITH  ALGIERS 57 

THE  MEXICAN  WAR  — 1846 58 

"  "  "         1847 60 

RECENT  EXPEDITIONS 63 

MAGNETIC  TELEGRAPH 64 

THE  DECLARATION  OF  INJ>KI*KNJ>KNOE 65 

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES 67—88 


M  A.  I3  8. 

No.  I.     DISCOVERIES  OF  EARLY  NAVIGATORS n 

u     2.     GRANTS  MADE  IN  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY 12 

"     3.     FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR 25 

"     4.     THE  REVOLUTION  —  NEW  YORK,  NEW  JERSEY,  BOSTON,  CHARLESTON,   AND  LAKE 

GEORGE 33 

41     5.     THE  REVOLUTION  —  THE  SOUTHERN  STATES 41 

"     6.     LAKE  ERIE,  LAKE  ONTARIO,  LAKE  CHAMPLAIN,   ST.  LAWRENCE   RIVER,  NIAGARA 

RIVER,  CHESAPEAKE  BAY,  ALABAMA,  AND  NEW  ORLEANS 50 

"    7.  THE  WAR  WITH  MEXICO  . ,  .58 


HISTORY 

OF  THE 


LESSON 


Question.  When,  and  by  whom  was 
America  discovered  ? 


Answer.  In  the  year  1492, 
by  Christopher  Columbus. 

Q.  Where  was  Columbus  born  ? 

A.  In  Genoa,  in  the  north 
western  part  of  Italy. 

Q.  From  what  country  did  he  sail  ? 

A.  From  Spain. 


Q.  Where  did  he  intend  to  go  ? 

A.  To  India,  in  Asia. 

Q.  In  what  direction  did  Europeans  go  to  India? 

A.  East. 

Q.  In  what  direction  did  Columbus  sail  upon  this 
occasion  ? 

A.  Westward,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Q.  Why  did  Columbus  think  to  arrive  at  India  by 
a  westerly  course  on  the  Atlantic  ? 

\     A.  He  knew  the  Earth  was  a  globe,  and 
.  thought  the  Atlantic  extended  from  Europe 
^  estward  to  Asia. 


Q.  What  land  stopped  him  on  his  way  to  Asia  ? 

A.  America  and  its  islands. 

-  Q.  Where  did  he  suppose  he  had  arrived  ? 

A.  lie  thought  he  had  reached  Asia. 

Q.  How  far  had  he  really  gone  ? 

A.  About  one  third  the  distance  from 
Europe  westward  to  Asia. 

Q.  Where  did  Columbus  first  land  ? 

A.  On  one  of  the  Bahamas,  named  San 
Salvador,  or  Guanahani. 


10  » 


-HJSTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 


LESSON    II. 

Q.  What  did  Columbus  name  the  land  and  the  in 
habitants? 

A.  Thinking  he  had  reached  India,  he 
named  the  land  West  Indies,  and  the  in 
habitants  Indians. 

Q.  When  did  he  leave  Spain  ? 

A.  August  3d,  1492*. 

Q    When  did  he  reach  San  Salvador  ? 

A.  October  12th,  1492. 

Q.  How  many  times  did  Columbus  visit  America  ? 

A.  Four  times. 

Q.  When  did  he  discover  the  Continent  ? 

A.  Iii  the  year  1498, — on  his  third  voy- 


Q.  What  part  of  the  Continent  was  first  discov 
ered  by  Columbus  ? 

A.  At  the  mouth  of  the  river  Orinoco, 
in  South  America. 

Q.  Did  Columbus  ever  learn  that  he  had  discov 
ered  a  new  world  ? 

A.  He  did  not. 

Q.  Where  and  when  did  Columbus  die  ? 

A.  In  Spain,  fourteen  years  after  the 
discovery  of  America. 

Q.  Where  were  his  remains  finally  buried? 

A.  Iii  Havana,  the  capital  of  Cuba. 

Q.  After  whom  was  America  named  ? 

A.  Amerigo  Vespucci,  an  Italian,  who 
visited  America  in  the  year  1499. 

Q    Why  was  this  continent  named  after  Amerigo  ? 

A.  His  description  of  the  country  being 
the  :first  published,  many  believed  him  to 
be  the  first  discoverer. 


LESSON   III. 

Q.  Did  Columbus  ever  visit  North  America  ? 

A.  He  did  not. 

Q.  Who  first  explored  the  coast  of  North  America  ? 

A.  John  Cabot  and  his  son  Sebastian, 
who  sailed  from  England. 

Q.  What  part  of  North  America  did  they  explore  ? 

A.  The  coast  of  Labrador,  [in  the  year 
1497.] 

Q.  What  voyage  did  Sebastian  Cabot  make  in  1498  ? 

A.  He  explored  the  coast  from  Labra 
dor  to  Virginia. 

Q  What  did  England  claim  in  consequence  of  the 
discoveries  of  the  Cabots  ? 

A.  The  greater  part  of  North  America. 

Q.  What  discoveries  were  made  in  1506.  1512,  and 
1513? 

A.  Yucatan  was  discovered  in  1506, 
Florida  in  1512,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  in 
1513. 

Q.  By  whom  was  Florida  discovered  ? 

A.  By  Ponce  de  Leon,  who  went  in 
search  of  a  fountain,  said  to  possess  the 
property  of  imparting  youth  to  all  who 
drank  of  its  waters. 

Q.  What  was  the  fate  of  De  Leon  ? 

A.  He  was  mortally  wounded,  on  his 
second  voyage,  by  the  Indians. 

Q.   Who  first  discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 

A.  Nunez  de  Balboa,  from  the  Andes 
Mountains,  in  the  Isthmus  of  Darien. 
Q.  Who  explored  the  coast  of  Mexico  ? 

A.  Cordova,  [in  1517.] 


DISCOVERIES. 


11 


LESSON  IV. 

Q.  Who  first  conquered  Mexico  ? 

A.  Cortez,  a  Spaniard,  [in 
1521.] 

Q.  Who  was  first  sent  to  America 
from  France,  for  the  purpose  of  ex 
ploring  ? 

A .  John  Verrazzani,  who  ex 
plored  the  coast  from  North 
Carolina  to  Newfoundland  ; 
[1521.] 

Q.  Who  first  engaged  in  the  fisheries 
of  Newfoundland  ? 

A.  The  French,  [as  early  as 
1504.] 

Q.  What  voyages  were  made  by 
James  Cartier  ? 

A.  James  Cartier,  under  the 
French  government,  made 
three  voyages  to  the  St.  Law 
rence  River,  [which  he  first 
discovered  in  1534.] 

Q.  Were  Cartier' s  efforts  to  form  a 
colony  successful  ? 

A.  They  were  not. 

Q.  How  was  Cartier  treated  by  the 
natives  ? 

A.  During  his  first  and  sec 
ond  visits  he  was  treated  very 
kindly;  but  on  the  third,  the 
Indians  were  hostile. 

Q.  Who  attempted  to  form  a  colony 
-ear  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  1542. 

A.  Eoberval,  a  French  noble- 
j  whose  efforts  to  form  a 
•lorry  failed. 


mgituiie  We*t/froni  Greenwich. 

/Ill 
MAP  N?  1.  1578. 


/Exhibiting  the  Discoveries 

I  of  the 

/         EARLY  NAVIGATORS. 


Huclielcga  no\\ 
Montreal 


Sebastian  .Cabot  1498. 

T  L 


Mississippi  R.  discovered 
>y  De  Soto  1541. 


To  "be  answered  from  the  Map. 

Where  and  when  was  the  Continent  first  discovered? — By  whom  ? 
What  voyage  was  made  in  1492  ?— In  1497  ?— In  1498  ?— In  1512  ?- 
In  1524  ?— In  1534  ?— In  1539  ? 

Where  is  Guanahani  or  San  Salvador  situated  ? 


12 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    Y. 

Q.  Who  invaded  Florida  in  1 539  ? 

A.  De  Soto,  a  Spanish  noble 
man,  who  expected  to  iiiid  Flor 
ida  rich  with  gold. 

Q.  "What  large  river  did  lie  discover? 
(See  Map  No.  1 .) 

Q.  From  what  did  De  Soto's  troops 
suffer  ? 

A,  Famine,  sickness,  and  at 
tacks  by  the  natives. 

Q.  What  became  of  De  Soto  ? 

A.  He  died,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Mississippi  River,  by  his  few 
surviving  companions ;  [1542.] 

Q.  Who  first  established  a  colony  in 
South  Carolina  ? 

A.  The  Huguenots,  or  French 
Protestants,  in  1562 ;  but  it  was 
soon  after  abandoned. 

Q.  Whera  else  did  the  Huguenots  at 
tempt  to  plant  a  colony  ? 

A.  In  Florida ;  I  ut  it  was  de 
stroyed  by  the  Spaniards. 

Q.  Where  was  the  first  settlement 
formed  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ? 

A.  At  Hayti,  by  the  Span 
iards  under  Columbus, 

Q.  Where  was  the  first  colcny  formed 
on  the  continent  of  Amei'ica  ? 

A.  On  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, 
by  the  Spaniards,  [in  1510.] 


Longitude  West  from  Gree.nu-ich 


MAP  N92.  1620. 


Exhibiting  the  grant  made 
by  the  Kings  of  Great  Bri--\\™ 
tain    and    France    during 
the  early  part  of  the  17 ih 
century. 


Long.Z  Rast  from  4  Wtt*kk*g-  6  ton 


To  7>e  answered  from  the  Map. 

What  voyage  was  made  in  1607  ?— In  1620  ? 

What  discovery  was  made  in  1609  ? 

What  bay  was  explored  in  1608  ?    By  whom  ? 

What  grants  were  made  to  the  London  and  Plymouth  Companies  ? 


VIRGINIA. 


13 


Q.  What  is  the  oldest  city  in  America  ? 

A.  Mexico,  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  [in 
1521.] 

Q.  What  is  the  oldest  city  in  America,  north  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

A.  St.  Augustine ;  founded  by  the  Span 
iards  in  1565. 

Q.  Who  first  attempted  to  form  English  colonies  in 
America  ? 

A.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  and  Sir  Wal 
ter  Raleigh. 

Q.  How  many  expeditions  did  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
send  out  from  England  ? 

A.  Three;  in  1584,  1585,  and  1587. 

Q.  Did  these  colonies  prosper  ? 

A.  They  did  not. 

Q.  By  whom  was  Cape  Cod  discovered  ? 

A.  By  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  who  was 
the  first  Englishman  that  entered  JSTew 
England;  [1602.] 


R  E  V  I  E  W 

LESSON    VL 

For  what  is  the  year  1492  memorable  ? 

For  what  part  of  the  earth  did  Columbus  sail  ? 

Did  he  expect  to  find  a  new  world  ? 

Who  informed  the  Europeans  of  the  discovery  of  a 
new  world  ? 

What  length  of  time  was  Columbus  in  coming  from 
Spain  to  San  Salvador  ? 

When  was  South  America  first  discovered  ? 

What  discoveries  were  made  by  the  Cabots  ? 
|        What  discovery  did  De  Leon  make  ? 

What  discovery  did  Balboa  make  ? 

What  discovery  did  Cordova  make  ? 

What  conquest  did  Cortez  make  ? 


What  country  sent  out  the  first  discoverers  ? 

What  country,'  next  after  Spain,  sent  out  explorers 
to  the  New  World  ? 

What  government  was  third  in  point  of  time  ? 

Who  was  the  first  Spanish  discoverer? 

Who  was  the  first  English  explorer  ? 

Who  was  the  first  French  explorer  ? 

What  was  the  extent  of  the  explorations  of  each  of 
these  ? 

Who  first  made  voyages  to  the  St.  Lawrence  River  ? 

What  French  nobleman  followed  Cartier  ? 

For  what  purpose  did  Cartier  and  Roberval  visit 
America  ? 

Were  their  efforts  successful  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  De  Soto  ? 

In  what  two  States  did  the  Huguenots  attempt  to 
colonize  ? 

Were  they  successful  ? 

For  what  is  Hayti  remarkable  ? 

Where  was  the  first  colony  on  the  Continent  ? 

Which  is  the  oldest  city  in  America  ? 

Which  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  United  States  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh — Bartholo 
mew  Gosnold  ? 


LESSON    VII. 

VIRGINIA.—  Where  did  the  English  first  settle 
in  the  United  States  ? 

A.  At  Jamestown,  in  160T. 

Q.  By  whom  were  the  settlers  of  Jamestown  sent  ? 

A.  By  the  London  Company. 

Q.  Of  whom  was  the  London  Company  composed  ? 

A.  Of  noblemen,  gentlemen,  and  mer 
chants  of  London. 

Q.  Who  granted  to  the  London  Company  the  right 
to  settle  in  America  ? 

A.  James  I.,  king  of  England. 

Q.  What  territory  was  granted  to  the  Company  ? 

A.  That   between    Cape   Fear  and  the   I 
southern  limit  of  Maryland. 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


CAPTAIN  SMITH'S  LIFE  SAVED  BY  POCAHONTAS. 

Q.  What  was  the  number  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Jamestown  ? 

A.  One  hundred  and  five ;  most  of  whom 
were  worthless  and  idle,  there  being  only 
twelve  laborers  and  but  few  mechanics. 

Q.  How  many  vessels  conveyed  them  across  the 
Atlantic  ? 

A.  Three  ;  the  largest  not  exceeding  one 
hundred  tons  burden. 

Q.  For  what  place  did  they  sail  ? 

A.  Virginia. 
Q.  Who  was  the  commander  of  the  expedition  ? 

A.  Captain  Christopher  Newport. 

Q.  What  was  the  course  of  his  voyage  from  England  ? 

A.  By  way  of  the  Canary  Islands  and 
the  W«st  Indies. 

Q.  Where  did  he  enter  Virginia  ? 

A.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay, 
after  a  voyage  of  a -little  over  four  months. 

Q.  What  river  was  then  entered  ? 

A.  James  River,  so  named  in  honor  ot 
the  King  of  England. 


-      LESSON    VIII. 

Q.  When  was  the  settlement  of  Jamestown  com 
menced  ? 

A.  In  May,  1607. 

Q.  Who  was  the  first  President  of  the  colony  ? 

A.  Edward  "Wingfield. 

Q.  When  did  Newport  sail  for  England  ? 

A.  Iii  the  middle  of  June ;  leaving  the   | 
party  in  a  very  pitiable  condition. 

Q.  What  troubles  did  the  settlers  experience  ? 

A.  The  hostility  of  the  natives  and  sick 
ness  :  frequently,  three  or  four  died  in  a 
night ;  and,  in  a  few  months,  one  half  of 
the  colony  perished. 

Q.  What  ended  Wing-field's  connection  with  the 
colony  ? 

A.  He  was  deposed,  on  account  of  dis 
honesty. 

Q.  Who  was  the  second  President  ? 

A.  HatclifFe  ;  who  was  so  inefficient  that 
he  was  soon  succeeded  by  Smith. 

Q.  How  did  Smith  conduct  the  affairs  of  the  colony  ? 

A.  With  great  energy  and  success. 

Q.  On  what  occasion  was  Smith  captured  by  the 
Indians  ? 

A.  On  a  voyage  np  the  Chickahominy, 
a  branch  of  the  James  River. 

Q.  What  sentence  did  the  Indian  king,  Powhatan, 
pronounce  upon  Smith  ? 

A.  That  he  should  be  put  to  death. 

Q.  What  saved  his  life  ? 

A.  The  entreaties  of  Pocahontas,  the 
daughter  of  Powhatan. 


NEW    YORK. 


15 


Q.  Where  was  Smith  soon  after  permitted  to  go  ? 

A.  To  liis  companions  at  Jamestown, 
whom  he  found  discontented,  and  anxious 
to  abandon  the  colony. 

Q.  What  effect  did  Smith's  return  produce  ? 

A.  Order  was  restored  to  the  colony. 

Q.  How  many  men  did  Smith  find  on  his  return  to 
Jamestown  ? 

A.  Forty;  who  were  soon  after  joined 
by  new  arrivals  from  England. 

Q.  What  accident  befell  Smith  ? 

A.  He  was  disabled  by  an  explosion  of 
gunpowder,  which  compelled  him  to  return 
to  England. 


LESSON    IX. 

Q.  What  was  the  condition  of  the  colony  soon  after 
Smith's  departure  ? 

A.  In  six  months,  indolence,  vice,  and 
famine  reduced  its  number  from  four  hun 
dred  and  ninety  to  sixty. 

Q.  How  was  that  period  designated  ? 

A.  As  the  starving  time. 

Q.  Who  preserved  the  colony  from  ruin  at  that 
time  ? 

A.  Lord  Delaware,  Avho  fortunately  ar 
rived  with  emigrants  and  supplies. 

Q.  In  what  year  was  the  starving  time  ? 

A.  1610, — three  years  after  the  first  set 
tlement  of  Jamestown. 

Q.  When  and  where  was  the  culture  of  tobacco 
commenced  ? 

A.  At  Jamestown,  in  1616. 

Q.  When  was  negro  slavery  introduced  into  the 
United  States? 

A.  In  the  year  1620,  by  the  Dutch. 


Q.  Give  an  account  of  the  first  Indian  massacre. 

A.  In  1622,  the  Indians  surprised  the 
colonists,  and  in  one  hour  massacred  three 
hundred  and  forty-seven,  men,  women,  and 
children. 

Q,  When  did  the  second  Indian  massacre  occur  ? 

A.  In  1644,  when  three  hundred  whites 
were  killed. 

Q.  What  did  the  colonists  do  in  consequence  ? 

A.  They  reduced  the  Indians  to  submis 
sion. 


LESSON    X. 

NEW  YORK. -What  part  of  New  York  State  was 
first  discovered  ? 

-<d.%Staten  Island,  by  Henry  Hudson. 

Q.  By  "whom  was  the  Hudson  River  discovered  ? 
A.  By  Henry  Hudson,  [in  1609]. 

Q.  How  far  up  the  Hudson  did  he  sail  ? 

A.  One  hundred  and  sixteen  miles  from 
its  mouth  ;  where  the  city  of  Hudson  now 
stands. 

Q.  Why  did  Hudson  enter  the  river  which  now 
bears  his  name  ? 

A.  He  thought  it  would  lead  him  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Q.  When  did  Hudson  discover  the  strait  and  bay 
which  bear  his  name  ? 

A.  In  1610,  when  he  was  placed  in  an 
open  boat  and  cruelly  abandoned  by  his 
companions.  He  wras  never  heard  of  after 
ward. 

Q.  What  part  of  New  York  was  first  settled  ? 

A.  The  southern  part  of  Manhattan 
Island. 

Q.  What  is  Manhattan  Island  now  ? 
A.  New  York  City. 

Q.  Who  gave  it  the  name  of  Manhattan  ? 

A.  The  Indians. 


16 


MONTEITII'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


*-          LESSOR  XL 

Q.  By  whom  was  the  first  settlement  formed  on 
Manhattan  Island  ? 

A.  By  the  Dutch,  [in  1614.] 

Q.  What  induced  the  Dutch  to  settle  there  ? 

A.  Trade  with  the  natives;  the  Dutch 
giving  European  manufactures  in  exchange 
for  furs. 

Q.  What  was  the  settlement  called  ? 

A.  New  Amsterdam. 

Q.  What  did  New  Netherlands  at  first  comprise  ? 

A.  The  region  extending  from  Delaware 
Bay  to  Cape  Cod. 

Q.  Mention  the  governors  of  New  Netherlands. 

A.  Hinuits,  Van  T wilier,  Kieft,  and 
Stuyvesant. 

Q.  What  troubles  did  the  settlers  of  New  Nether 
lands  have  ? 

A.  Attacks  by  the  Indians,  and  disputes 
concerning  boundaries. 

Q.  By  what  authority  did  the  Dutch  occupy  New 
Netherlands  ? 

A.  The  discovery  by  Hudson. 

Q.  What  other  nation  claimed  that  country  ? 

A.  The  English,  from  the  discovery  by 
Cabot. 

Q.  To  whom  did  the  King  of  England  grant  the 
Dutch  province  ? 

A.  To  the  Duke  of  York,  who  sent  out 
a  squadron  to  take  possession  of  the  prov 
ince. 

Q.  Who  was  the  governor  at  that  time  ? 

A.  Peter  Stuyvesant. 

Q.  Did  the  English  succeed  in  taking  the  province  ? 

A.  They  did ;  the  Dutch,  after  a  slight 
resistance,  surrendered  to  them;  [1664.] 


Q.  Who  were  the  first  English  governors  ? 

A.  Nicholls,  Lovelace,  Andros,  and  Don 
gan. 

Q.  What  village  in  New  York  was  attacked   i 
1G90? 

A.  Schenectady,  by  the  French  and  In 
dians,  who  killed  sixty  persons. 


E 


EW. 


LESSON  XII. 

When,  and  by  whom,  was  Jamestown  settled  ? 

What  land  was  granted  to  the  London  Company  ? 

What  was  the  character  of  the  settlers  ? 

What  President  preceded  Smith  ? 

What  was  the  condition  of  the  colony  under  each  c 
the  Presidents  ? 

Give  an  account  of  Smith's  capture  by  the  Indians. 

Why  did  Smith  leave  the  colony  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  starving  time  ? 

What  assistance  did  Lord  Delaware  bring  to  th 
colonists  ? 

Describe  the  two  Indian  massacres. 

What  can  you  say  of  Henry  Hudson  ? 

What  part  of  New  York  was  first  discovered? 

What  part  was  first  settled  ?     By  whom  ? 

What  was  the  region  extending  from  Delaware  Ba; 
to  Cape  Cod  called  ? 

Were  the  settlers  of  New  Netherlands  annoyed  b; 
the  Indians  ? 

By  what  two  governments  was  New  Netherland 
claimed  ? 

By  what  authority  did  each  claim  it? 

While  the  Dutch  held  the  territory,  what  did  th< 
King  of  England  do  to  obtain  possession  ? 

How  long  did  the  Dutch  have  possession  of  Nev 
Netherlands  ? 

Mention  the  Dutch  governors. 

Mention  the  English  governors. 


MASSACHUSETTS 


,   ~?  <  sT?: 


LANDING   OF   THE   P1LGKIMS. 


LESSON  XIII, 

MASSACHUSETTS.- By  whom  settled? 

A.  By  Puritans  from  England,  [in  1620.] 

Q.  Why  did  the  Puritans  leave  their  homes  and 
come  to  America  ? 

A.  To  enjoy  religious  freedom. 

Q.  What  vessel  conveyed  them  across  the  Atlantic  ? 

A.  The   Mayflower,  after  a  voyage   of 
sixty-five  days. 

Q.  Where  did  the  Puritans  intend  to  settle  ? 

A.  Near  the  Hudson  River. 

Q.  Where  did  they  land  ? 

A.  At  Plymouth,  [December  21,  1620.] 

Q.  How  many  Puritans  came  on  the  first  voyage  ? 

A.  One  hundred ;  forty-one  being  men. 

Q,  Who  was  the  first  governor  ? 
A.  John  Carver. 

Q,  From  what  did  those  Puritans  suffer  greatly  ? 

A.  Sickness,  want,  and  exposure. 


Q.   How  many  died  during  the  first  four  months  ? 

A.  Within  four  months  nearly  one  half 
of  their  number  died.  At  one  time  but 
seven  were  able  to  render  assistance.  Gov 
ernor  Carver,  his  wife,  and  son,  were  among 
the  dead. 

Q.  How  was  the  colony  saved  from  famishing  ? 

A.  By  the  benevolence  of  fishermen  off 
the  coast. 

Q.  How  long  did  their  sufferings  continue  ? 

A.  Three  years. 

Q.  How  did  they  finally  provide  themselves  food  ? 

A.  Each  family  planted  for  itself ;  which 
plan  brought  contentment  and  plenty. 

Q.  What  settlements  were  soon  after  formed  in 

Massachusetts  ? 

A.  Salem  and  Boston ;  most  of  the  set 
tlers  being  Puritans. 

Q.  Who  was  banished  from  Massachusetts  ? 

A.  Roger  Williams,  on  account  of  his 
religious  opinions. 


8 


T 


16 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON  XIV. 

Q.  How  were  the  Quakers  treated  by  the  Puritans  ? 

A..  Tlie  Quakers  were  banished  from  the 
colony;  many  were  imprisoned,  and  four 
put  to  death. 

Q.  Were  they  finally  allowed  to  remain  in  the  col 
ony  ? 

A.  They  were. 

Q.  What  war  broke  out  in  1675? 

A.  King  Philip's  war,  between  the  En 
glish  and  Indians. 

Q.  Who  was  King  Philip  ? 

A.  The  chief  of  a  tribe  of  Indians. 

Q.  What  injuries  were  done  to  the  English? 

A.  The  Indians  burned  several  villages, 
and  killed  many  of  the  people. 

Q.  What  put  an  end  to  the  war  ? 

A.  Philip  was  killed,  and  the  Indians 
completely  routed ;  [1676.] 

Q.  What  European  wars  disturbed  the  colonies  in 
America  ? 

A.  King  "William's,  Queen  Anne's,  and 
King  George's;  [1689,  1702,  and  1744.] 

Q.  Who  were  the  parties  in  the  European  wars  ? 

A.  The  English  against  the  French. 

Q.  Whom  did  the  Indians  assist  in  America? 

A.  The  French. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.— Where  settled? 

A.  At  Little  Harbor  and  Dover ;  [1623.] 

Q.  What  did  New  Hampshire  suffer  ? 

A.  Farms  were  laid  waste,  and  many  of 
the  settlers  cruelly  put  to  death  by  the  In 
dians. 


CONNECTICUT.— By  whom  settled? 

A.  By  people  from  Massachusetts;  [1633.] 

Q.  What  Indians  made  war  against  them  ? 

A.  The  Pequods,  [in  1636.] 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  war  ? 

A.  The  Pequods  were  entirely  defeated. 


LESSON  XV.       n 

RHODE  ISLAND— By  whom  settled? 

A.  By  Roger  Williams  and  a  few  of  his 

followers,  [in  1636.] 

Q.  Where  was  the  first  settlement  formed  ? 

A.  At  a  place  which  Williams  named 
Providence. 

Q.  By  what  tribe  of  Indians  was  Rhode  Island  in 
habited  ? 

A.  The  Narragansetts. 

MARYLAND.— By  whom  settled? 

A.  By  emigrants  from  England  ;  [1631.] 

Q.  Of  whom  were  the  settlers  of  Maryland  mostly 
composed  ? 

A.  Roman  Catholics,  who  sought  for  re 
ligious  freedom. 

Q.  To  whom  was  Maryland  granted  ? 

A.  To  Cecil   Calvert,  whose  title   was 
Lord  Baltimore. 

Q.  What  was  secured  to  the  colonists  of  Maryland? 
A.  Equality  in  civil  and  religious  rights. 

Q.  How  did  these  people  treat  with  the  Indians  ? 

A.  They  paid  them  for  the  land. 

Q.  From  whom  did  Maryland  receive  its  name  ? 

A.  Henrietta  Maria,  queen  of  England. 


NEW    JERSEY,    DELAWARE,    PENNSYLVANIA. 


19 


PENN'S  HOUSE,  PHILA. 


WM.    PENN   AND   INDIANS 


COAL   REGIONS   OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 


LESSON  XVI. 

NEW  JERSEY.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  Dutch,  at  Bergen  ;  [1620.] 

Q.  To  whom  was  the  territory  of  New  Jersey 
granted  ? 

A.  To  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George 
Carteret;  [1664.] 

Q.  Why  was  New  Jersey  so  named  ? 

A.  In  honor  of  Carteret,  who  had  been 
governor  of  the  Isle  of  Jersey. 

Q.  How  was  New  Jersey  afterward  divided  ? 

A.  Into  East  Jersey,  belonging  to  Oar- 
teret ;  and  "West  Jersey,  belonging  to  Wil 
liam  Penn  and  two  other  Quakers. 

Q.  To  whom  was  East  Jersey  sold  soon  after  ? 

A.  To  Penn  and  eleven  other  'Quakers. 

Q.  When  was  New  Jersey  united  to  New  York  ? 

-  A.  In  1702,  and  continued  so  36  years. 

DELAWARE.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  Swedes  and  Finns,  [in  1638.] 

Q.  To  whom  was  Delaware  granted  ? 

A.  William  Penn,  [in  1682.] 


PENNSYLVANIA.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  Swedes,  [in  1613.] 

Q.    By  whom  was    the    first    English  settlement 
formed  ? 

A.  By  Quakers,  [in  1682.] 

Q.  To  whom  did  the  King  of  England  grant  the 
land  ? 

A.  William  Penn,  who  paid  the  Indians 
for  all  the  land  occupied  by  his  people. 

Q.  What  did  the  Indians  think  of  the  fair  dealing 
of  the  Quakers  ? 

A.  They  held  them  in  great  respect  for 
many  years  after. 

Q.  What  does  ttie  word  Pennsylvania  mean  ? 

A.  Penn's  woUls. 


LESSON   XVII. 

NORTH  CAROLINA.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  emigrants  from  Virginia,  [about 
1650.] 


20 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA.— By  whom  settled? 

A.  By  the  English,  [in  1670.] 

Q.  By  whom  were  the  settlers  greatly  disturbed  ? 

A.  By  the  Indians. 

Q.  When  was  South  Carolina  separated  from  North 
Carolina  ? 

A.  In  1693. 

GEORGIA.— Which  of  the  original  thirteen  States 
was  the  last  settled  ? 

A.  Georgia. 

Q.  Mention  the  original  thirteen  States. 

A.  Virginia,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Mary 
land,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  Delaware, 
Pennsylvania,  North  Carolina,  South  Caro 
lina,  and  Georgia. 

Q.  By  whom  was  the  first  settlement  formed  ? 

A.  By  James  Oglethorpe,  [in  1733.]   , 

Q.  When  was  slavery  introduced  into  Georgia  ? 

A.  In  1749. 

MAINE.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  emigrants  from  New  Hampshire, 

[in  1630.] 

Q.  From  what  did  the  settlers  of  Maine  suffer  ? 

A.  From  the  incursions  of  the  French 
and  Indians. 

Q.  When  did  Maine  become  a  State  ? 

A.  In  1820.  -     1 

VERMONT.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  emigrants  from  Massachusetts, 
[in  1724.] 

Q.  By  what  States  was  Vermont  long  claimed  ? 

A.  New  York  and  New  Hampshire. 

Q.  How  was  the  dispute  settled  ? 
A.  By  its  admission  into  the  Union  as  a 
separate  State,  [in  1791.] 


TENNESSEE.— By  whom  settled? 

A.  By  emigrants  from  North  Carolina, 
[in  1757.] 

Q.  When  was  Tennessee  admitted  into  the  Union? 

A.  In  1796. 


LOTJISVILLE,   KY. — OHIO  RIVER. 


LESSON  XY1II. 

KENTUCKY.— By  whom  explored  ? 

A.  Daniel  Boone,  a  daring  hunter,  [in 

1770.] 

Q.  Of  what  State  did  Kentucky  form  a  part,  pre 
vious  to  its  admission  into  the  Union  ? 

A.  Virginia. 

Q.  By  whom  were  the  settlers  of  Kentucky  greatly 
annoyed  ? 

A.  By  the  Indians. 

Q.  When  was  Kentucky  admitted  into  the  Union  ? 

A.  In  1792. 


OHIO,    LOUISIANA,    INDIANA,    MISSISSIPPI,    <feo. 


21 


OHIO.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  a  company  from  New  England, 
[in  1788.] 

Q.  By  whom  were  the  settlers  of  Ohio  annoyed  ? 

A.  By  the  Indians,  who  defeated  Gen 
erals  Harmer  and  St.  Clair  with  great 
slaughter. 

Q.  By  whom  were  the  Indians  afterward  subdued  ? 

A.  By  Gen.  Wayne,  [in  179dL] 

Q.  When  did  Ohio  become  a  State  ? 

A.  In  1802. 

LOUISIANA.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  French,  [in  1699.] 

Q.  To  what  government  did  it  belong  ? 

A.  To  France. 

Q.  How  did  the  United  States  obtain  possession  of 
Louisiana  ? 

A.  By  purchase,  [in  1803.] 

Q.  Into  what  States  and  Territories  has  Lousiana 
been  since  divided  ? 

A.  Lousiana,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa, 
Minnesota,  Oregon,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  In 
dian,  Washington,  and  Dacotah. 

Q.  When  was  the  State  of  Louisiana  formed  ?. 

A.  In  1812. 

Q.  From  whom  did  it  receive  its  name  ? 

A.  Louis  XI V.,  king  of  France. 


LESSON    XIX. 

INDIANA.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  French,  [in  1690.J 

Q.  Who  was  sent  against  the  Indians  in  1811  ? 

A.  General  Harrison,  who   completely 
routed  them  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe. 


Q.  When  did  Indiana  become  a  State  ? 

A.   In  1816. 

MISSISSIPPI.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  French,  [in  1716.] 

Q.  What  Europeans  first  visited  Mississippi  ? 

A.  De  Soto  and  his  followers,  [in  1541.] 

Q.  From  what  did  the  settlers  suffer  greatly  ? 

A.  Contests  with  the  savages. 

Q,  When  was  Mississippi  admitted  into  the  Union  ? 

A.  In  1817. 

ILLINOIS.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  French,  [in  1683.] 

Q.  When  did  it  become  a  State  ? 

A.   In  1818. 

ALABAMA.— By  whom  settled  ? 
A.  By  the  French,  [in  1702.] 
Q.  When  did  Alabama  become  a  State  ? 
A.   In  1819. 

MISSOURI— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  French,  [in  1755.J 

Q.  When  did  Missouri  become  a  State  ? 

A.  Ill  1821. 

ARKANSAS.— By  whom  settled? 

A.  By  the  French,  [in  1685.] 

Q.  When  did  it  become  a  State  ? 

A.  In  1836. 

MICHIGAN.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  French,  [in  1670.] 

Q.  When  did  the  English  obtain  possession  of  it  ? 

A.  In  1763. 

Q.  Who  defeated  the  savages  in  1813  ? 
A.  General  Harrison. 

Q.  When  did  Michigan  become  a  State  ? 
A.   In  1837. 


22 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON  XX. 

FLORIDA.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  Spaniards,  at  St.  Augustine, 
[in  1565J 

Q.  Who  visited  Florida  previous  to  the  settlement 
at  St.  Augustine  ? 

A.  Ponce  de  Leon,  Narvaez,  and  De 
Soto  ;  all  of  whom  perished  in  their  expe 
ditions. 

Q.  By  whom  was  Florida  purchased  ? 

A.  By  the  United  States,  from  Spain, 
[in  1820.] 

Q.  When  did  Florida  become  a  State  ? 

A.  In  1845. 

TEXAS,— Of  what  country  did  Texas  form  a  part, 
previous  to  its  independence  ? 

A.  Mexico. 

Q.  When  did  Texas  become  free  from  Mexico  ? 

A.  In  1836. 

Q.  When  was  it  admitted  into  the  Union  ? 

A.  In  1845. 

Q.  What  war  soon  followed  its  admission  ? 

A.  The  war  between  the  United  States 
and  Mexico. 

Q.  What  was  the  chief  cause  of  the  war  ? 

A.  The  annexation  of  Texas. 

Q.  What  did  Mexico  recognize  as  the  western 
boundary  of  Texas  ? 

A.  The  Nueces  River. 

Q.  What  boundary  was  recognized  by  the  United 
States  ? 

A.  The  Rio  Grande ;  which  was  finally 
'settled  upon. 


LESSON  XXI. 

IOWA.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  people  from  the  United  States, 
[about  1833.] 

Q.  When  did  Iowa  become  a  State  ? 

A.  In  1846. 

WISCONSIN.— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  French,  [in  1669.] 

Q.  When  did  Wisconsin  become  a  State  ? 

A.  In  1848. 

CALIFORNIA— By  whom  settled  ? 

A.  By  the  Spaniards,  [in  1768.] 

Q.  Of  what  country  was  California  a  province  ? 

A.  Of  Mexico. 

Q.  When  did  it  become  a  part  of  the  United  States  ? 

A.  In  1848;    and  became   a  -State   in 
1850. 

MINNESOTA.— When  was  Minnesota  first  visited 
by  white  men  ? 

A.  In  1654. 

Q.  When  was  it  organized  ? 

A.  As  a  Territory,  in  1849  ;  and,  as  a 
State,  in  1858. 

OREGON.— When  organized  ? 

A.  As  a  Territory,  in  1848;  and,  as  a 
State,  in  1859. 

WASHINGTON.— From  what  formed  ? 

A.  The  northern  part  of  Oregon. 

Q.  When  organized  ? 

A.  As  a  Territory,  in  1853. 


THE    FRENCH    AND    INDIAN    WAR. 


23 


KANSAS.— When  organized  ? 

A.  As  a  Territory,  in  1854. 

NEBRASKA.— When  organized  ? 

A.  As  a  Territory,  in  1854. 

D ACOTAH.— From  what  formed  ? 

A.  The  western  part  of  Minnesota. 

ARIZONA.— From  what  formed  ? 

A.  The  southern  part  of  New  Mexico. 


E 


I  E 


LESSON  XXII. 

When  did  the  Puritans  land  at  Plymouth  ? 

What  position  did  John  Carver  hold  ? 

Describe  the  sufferings  of  the  Puritans. 

What  can  you  say  about  Pvoger  Williams  ? 

When  did  King  Philip's  war  break  out  ? 

What  other  wars  disturbed  the  colonists  in  America  ? 

What  colony  first  secured  entire  equality  in  civil  and 
religious  rights  to  the  people  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  William  Penn  ? 

What  three  States  were  owned  by  Penn  and  other 
Quakers  ? 

How  many  States  were  settled  by  the  English  ? 

How  many  by  the  French  ?     By  the  Spaniards  ? 

What  great  annoyance  did  nearly  all  the  colonies 
experience  ? 

What  State  was  last  admitted  ? 


THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR, 

LESSON  XXIII. 

1753. — Q-  Who  were  the  parties  engaged  in  this 
war? 

A.  The  French  and  Indians,  against  the 
British. 


Q.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  war  ? 

A.  Disputed  territory. 

Q.  Where  had  the  French  built  forts? 

A.  Along  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  riv 
ers,  and  the  lakes. 

Q.  Who  was  sent  by  the  Governor  of  Virginia  to  re 
quest  the  French  to  withdraw  ? 

A.  Major  George  "Washington,  at  the 
age  of  21. 

Q.  Where  did  Washington  then  reside  ? 

A.  In  the  eastern  part  of  Virginia. 

Q.  What  was  the  direction  of  his  journey  ? 

A.  Northwest,  about  400  miles,  mostly 
through  the  wilderness. 

Q.  What  did  the  French  commandant  determine 
to  do? 

,  A.  To  keep  possession  of  the  disputed 
territory. 

1754.  —  Q-  What  was  the  first  action  in  this 
\var? 

A.  Washington  surprised  and  defeated 
a  party  of  French  under  De  Jumonville  ; 

[May  28.] 

Q.  What  fort  was  built  on  the  present  site  of  Pitts- 
burg  ? 

A.  Fort  Du  Quesne,  by  the  French. 

Q.  What  fort  was  erected  by  Washington  ? 

A.  Fort  Necessity,  where  his-  troops, 
numbering  400,  were  attacked  by  1500 
French ;  [July  3.] 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  ? 

A.  After  a  battle  of  ten  hours j  "Wash 
ington  was  forced  to  surrender,  but  was 
allowed  to  return  to  Virginia. 


24 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


THE   ENGLISH   ATTACKED   BY  THE   FRENCH   AND    INDIANS — DEFEAT   OF  BRADDOCK. 


LESSON  XXIV. 

1755.—$-  What  British  general  was  sent  against 
Fort  Du  Quesne  in  1755  ? 

A.  General  Braddock,  at  the  head  of 
1200  select  troops. 

Q.  What  happened  to  Braddock  and  his  army  ? 

A..  When  within  ten  miles  of  the  fort, 
they  were  surprised  by  a  body  of  French 
and  Indians  in  ambuscade. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  ? 

A.  Braddock  was  killed,  with  nearly  all 
his  officers  and  one  half  of  the  troops ; 
[July  9.] 

Q.  Who  was  the  only  officer  on  horseback  saved? 

A.  Washington,  under  whom  two  horses 
were  shot ;  four  bullets  having  passed 
through  his  coat. 

Q.  What  did  General  Johnson  achieve  at  the  south 
ern  end  of  Lake  George  ? 

A.  He  defeated  a  large  body  of  French 
and  Indians ;  [September  8th.] 


Q.  Who  was  among  the  slain  ? 

A.  Baron    Dieskau,   the    French   com- 
mander-in-chief. 


LESSON   XXV. 

1756,— Q-  Who  succeeded  Dieskau  ? 

A.  General  Montcalm. 

Q.  Who  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
British  forces  in  America  ? 

A.  Lord   Loudon,    who   was   soon   suc 
ceeded  by  General  Abercrombie. 

Q,  What  town  on  Lake  Ontario  was  taken  by  Mont- 
calm,  in  1756? 

A.  Oswego;  [August  12th.] 

1757, — Q-  What  fort  was  taken  by  Montcalm  in 
1757? 

A.  Fort  "William  Henry,  near  the  south 
ern  point  of  Lake  George  ;  [August  9th.] 

Q.  From  whom  were  they  taken? 

A.  The  British. 


THE    FRENCH    AND    INDIAN    WAR. 


25 


Q.  What  massacre  attended  the 
capture  of  Fort  William  Henry  ? 

A.  Montcalm  allowed  the 
British  to  retire,  but  many 
were  cruelly  slain  by  the  In 
dians. 

1758,— #•  What  posts  were  taken 
by  the  British  during  this  year  ? 

A..  Louisburg,  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  and  Fort  Frontenac. 

Q.  From  whom  were  these  taken  ? 

A.  The  French. 

Q.  Who  failed  in  the  attempt  to 
take  Ticonderoga  from  the  French  ? 

A.  General  Abercrombie, 
who  then  lost  2000  men ; 
[July  8th.] 


LESSON  XXVI. 

1759.—$.  In  1759,  who  com 
manded  the  three  divisions  of  the 
British  army  ? 

A .  Generals  A  m  h  e  r  s  t , 
Wolfe,  and  Prideaux. 

Q.  What  capture  was  made  by  the 
division  under  Prideaux  ? 

A.  Niagara ;  taken  from 
the  French  and  Indians ; 
[July  25th.] 

Q.  Who  was  among  the  killed  ? 

A.  General  Prideaux. 

Q.  What  forts  were  taken  by  Gen 
eral  Amherst  ? 

A.  Ticonderoga  and  Crown 
Point,  without  opposition. 


William! 
Longitude  \V.  from  Washina,tc 


Where  situated  f     On  or  near  what  water  f 

Quebec  ?  Crown  Point  ?  Fort  Pitt  or  Du  Quesne  ? 

Heights  of  Abraham  ?      Ticonderoga  ?  Oswego  ? 

Isle  of  Orleans  ?  .  Fort  Wm.  Henry  ?        Schenectady  ? 

Montreal  ?  Fort  Edward  ?  Braddock's  Field  ? 

Fort  Frontenac  ?  Fort  Niagara  ?  Fort  Stanwix  ? 


26 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON  XXVII. 

1759.—$.  What  was  the  most  remarkable  battle 
in  the  French  and  Indian  war  ? 

A.  The  capture  of  Quebec,  by  General 
"Wolfe  ;  [Sept.  13th.] 

Q.  What  is  said  of  Quebec  as  regards  its  means  of 
defense  ? 

A.  It  is  the  most  strongly  fortified  city 
in  America. 


Q.  How  is  Quebec  situated  ? 

A.  In  Canada,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  River. 

Q,  What  is  the  elevation  of  the  upper  town  ? 

A.  Nearly  350  feet  above  the  river. 

Q.  How  did  Wolfe  and  his  army  reach  the  Heights 
of  Abraham  ? 

A.  At  night  they  left  their  boats,  and 
climbed  the  precipice  to  the  Heights  of 
Abraham. 

Q.  How  many  men  were  engaged  in  the  battle  ? 

A.  About  5000  on  each  side. 


BATTLE   OF   QUEBEC — DEATH    OF   WOLFE. 

Q.  By  whom  were  the  two  armies  led  ? 

A.  The  English,  by  Wolfe;  the  French, 
by  Montcalm. 

Q.  Which  army  was  successful  ? 

A.  The  English. 

Q.  What  was  the  fate  of  Wolfe  ? 

A.  He  was  wounded  three  times, — the 
third,  mortally. 

Q.  On  receiving  the  last  wound,  what  did  Wolfe 
say  to  one  of  his  officers  ? 

A.  "  Support  me  ;  let  not  my  brave  fel 
lows  see  me  fall." 


Q.  While  supporting  Wolfe,  what  did  the  officer 
exclaim  ? 

A.  "  They  run,  they  run  !" 

Q.  What  were  the  dying  words  of  Wolfe  ? 

A.  ""Who  run?"  he  asked.  "The 
French,"  replied  the  officer.  "  Then,"  ut 
tered  Wolfe,  "  I  die  content,"  and  expired 
on  the  field. 

Q.  Y,rhat  was  the  fate  of  Montcalm  ? 

A.  He  was  twice  wounded, — the  second 
time,  mortally. 


THE    FRENCH    AND    INDIAN    WAR. 


Q.  When  told  he  could  live  but  a  few  hours,  what 
did  Montcalm  reply  ? 

A.  "So  much  the   better;    I  shall  not 
live  to  see  the  surrender  of  Quebec." 

Q.  Where  was  peace  concluded  ? 

A.  At  Paris ;  [1763.] 

Q.  What  did  France  cede  to  Great  Britain'? 

A.  Nearly  all   the   French   possessions 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 


EW. 


LESSON  XXVIII. 

BRITISH  VICTORIES. 

Great   Mead-     (  Washington  over  ) 

•{  V  May 

|     De  Jumonville,  J 


ows. 


Ft.  Wm.  Henry. 


( Johnson  over 


28.  1754. 


8,  1755. 


Dieskau. 

Louisburg,  Amherst,  July  26,  1758. 

Ft.  Frontenac,        Bradstreet,  Aug.  27,  1758. 

Du  Quesne,  Forbes,  Nov.  25,  1758. 

Fort  Niagara,         Johnson,  July  25,  1759. 

( Wolfe  over 

Montcalm. 


Quebec, 


1  Sept.  13, 
'> ) 


1759. 


FRENCH  VICTORIES. 

( De  Villiers  over     )   _ 

Ft.  Necessity,     •<  [  July    3,  1754. 

(          Washington,  $ 

Near    Fort    Du  ( French  &  Indians ) 
Quesne,          (      over  Braddock, ) 

,    f  Dieskau  over  Wil-  > 
Near  Port  Ed-  \  Hen  ( 

Ward'  \     drioks,  ) 

_  ( Montcalm  over 

Oswego, 

(  Mercer, 


r  i  Aug.  12,  1756. 


LESSON   XXIX. 

What  was  the  cause  of  the  French  and  Indian  war  ? 

For  what  purpose  was  Washington  sent  to  the  French 
commander  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  his  journey  ? 

What  was  the  determination  of  the  French  com 
mander  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  first  action  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  second  action  ? 

What  British  general  was  sent  against  the  French  ?j 

Against  what  fort  did  he  march? 

What  was  the  fate  of  Braddock  ? 

What  city  was  built  upon  the  site  of  Fort  Du  Quesne  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  Washington  in  connection  with 
this  attack  ? 

By  whom  were  the  French  and  Indians  defeated  at 
Lake  George,  in  1755  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  Dieskau  ? 

What  position  did  Montcalm  hold  in  the  French  and 
Indian  war  ? 

Who  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  ? 

Who  succeeded  Loudon  ? 

By  whom  was  Oswego  taken,  and  when? 

By  whom  was  Fort  William  Henry  taken,  in  1757  ? 

What  three  victories  had  the  British  in  1758  ? 

What  loss  did  the  British  meet  with  in  the  same 
year  ? 

What  three  generals  commanded  the  British,  in  1759  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  Prideaux  ? 

By  whom  were  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  taken  ? 

Which  is  the  most  strongly  fortified  city  in  America  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  battle  of  Quebec  ? 

Who  commanded  the  English  at  this  battle  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  General  Wolfe  ? 

Who  commanded  the  French  at  Quebec  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  Montcalm  ? 

What  were  the  dying  words  of  Wolfe  ? 

What  surrender  was  made  in  1760  ? 

Where  was  peace  concluded  ? 

What  French  possessions  were  ceded  to  Great 
Britain? 


28 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


FANEUIL   HALL. 


TB[E  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION, 

LESSON  XXX. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  United  States  ? 

A.  It  is  the  most  populous  and  powerful 
country  in  America. 

Q.  What  political  division  is  the  United  States  ? 

A.  A  republic. 

Q.  How  long  has  this  country  been  a  republic  ? 

A.  About  eighty  years. 

Q.  To  what  government  was  it  subject  before  its 
independence  ? 

A.  Great  Britain. 

Q.  What  was  the  number  of  the  colonies  ? 

A.  Thirteen. 

Q.  What  were  the  chief  causes  of  the  American 
Revolution  ? 

A.  The  colonists  were  unjustly  taxed, 
and  were  denied  the  privilege  of  sending 
representatives  to  Parliament. 


BUNKER   HILL  MONUMENT. 


Q.  For  what  purpose  was  this  unjust  tax  laid  ? 

A.  To  defray  the  expenses  incurred  by 
the  British  government  in  the  French  and 
Indian  war. 

Q.  Upon  what  article  was  the  tax  first  imposed  ? 

A.  Upon  paper  used  for  bonds,  deeds, 
pamphlets,  &c. 

Q.  How  was  such  paper  to  be  distinguished  from 
other  ? 

A.  It  was  stamped. 

Q.  How  was  this  law  designated  ? 

A.  The  Stamp  Act. 

Q.  When,  and  by  whom,  was  the  Stamp  Act  passed  ? 

A.  In  1T65,  by  the  British  parliament, 
at  London. 

Q.  Who  was  then  king  of  England  ? 

A.  George  III. 

Q.  How  did  the  Americans  receive  the  passage  of 
the  Stamp  Act  ? 

A.  They  were  indignant,  and  refused  to 
submit  to  it. 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


29 


LESSON  XXXI. 

Q.  Who  distinguished  himself  by  his  opposition  to 
the  Stamp  Act,  in  Virginia  ? 

A.  Patrick  Henry,  with  boldness  and 
eloquence. 

Q.  What  meeting  was  called  by  Massachusetts  to 
consider  the  affairs  of  the  colonies  ? 

A.  The  first  Congress,  composed  of  dele 
gates  from  nearly  all  the  colonies. 

Q.  Where  did  the  first  Congress  meet  ? 

A.  At  New  York,  [October,  1765.] 

Q.  What  was  done  by  Congress  ? 

A.  Congress  agreed  on  a  DECLARATION 
OF  EIGHTS,  and  sent  petitions  to  the  king 
and  parliament. 

Q.  When  did  the  Stamp  Act  take  effect  ? 

A.  November,  1765. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  opposition  to  the 
Stamp  Act  ? 

A.  It  was  repealed ;  [March,  1766.] 

Q.  What  was  the  second  attempt  to  tax  America  ? 

A.  Duty  was  laid  [in  1767]  on  all  tea, 
glass,  paper,  and  painters'  colors,  which 
should  be  imported  into  the  colonies. 

Q.  Did  the  Americans  submit  to  this  law  ? 

A.  They  did  not,  but  openly  resisted. 

Q.  What  change  did  the  opposition  effect  ? 

A.  The  duty  was  removed,  except  three 
pence  a  pound  on  tea. 

Q.  Did  the  Americans  pay  the  duty  on  tea  ? 

A.  They  did  not ;  they  either  destroyed 
it,  or  prevented  its  sale. 

Q.  What  was  done  with  the  tea  at  the  port  of  Boston  ? 

A.  Several  Americans,  disguised  as  In 
dians,  seized  nearly  350  chests  of  tea,  and 
emptied  the  contents  into  the  harbor. 


Q.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  opposition  of  the 
Americans  ? 

A.  British  troops  were  ordered  to  reduce 
them  to  submission. 

Q.  What  measures  did  the  Americans  adopt  for  de 
fense  ? 

A.  They  raised  armies. 

Q.  Did  all  the  Americans  favor  the  Revolution  ? 

A.  They  did  not. 

Q.  What  were  those  Americans  called  who  favored 
the  king,  and  opposed  the  patriots  ? 

A.  Tories. 

Q.  By  what  British  general  was  the  war  com 
menced  ? 

A.  General  Gage,  in  Massachusetts. 


LESSON    XXXII. 

1775.— £•  Where  was  the  first  battle  fought  ? 

A.  At  Lexington,  in  Massachusetts; 
[April  19th,  1775.] 

Q.  How  many  were  killed  ? 

A.  Eight  Americans. 

Q.  Where  did  the  British  go,  immediately  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington  ? 

A.  To  Concord  and  Boston. 

Q.  How  were  the  British  annoyed  when  retreating 
to  Boston  ? 

A.  They  were  pursued,  and  fired  upon 
by  the  Americans. 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  on  both  sides  ? 

A.  90  Americans,  and  280  British. 

Q.  What  two  forts  were  captured  by  the  Ameri 
cans,  in  May,  1775  ? 

A.  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  by 
volunteers  under  Ethan  Allen  and  Benedict 
Arnold. 


30 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 


_F 


THE  BATTLE   OF  BUNKER   HILL. 


LESSON    XXXIII. 

1775,  —  Q-  What  increase  was  made  to  the  British 
forces  ? 

A.  Generals  Howe,  Clinton,  and  Bur- 
goyne,  arrived  with  reinforcements  from 
England. 

Q.  What  great  battle  was  fought  near  Boston  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  [June 
17th,  1775  ] 

Q    What  was  the  size  of  each  army  in  that  battle  ? 

A  The  Americans,  1500;  the  British, 
3000 

Q    What  was  the  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  ? 

A  The  Americans,  450 ;  the  British, 
1000. 

Q.  What  American  general  was  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Bunker  Hill  ? 

A.  General  Warren. 

Q.  Who  were  the  commanders  in  this  battle? 

A.  Colonel  Prescott  of  the  Americans, 
!   and  General  Howe  of  the  British. 


Q.  What  town  near  Boston  was  burned,  by  the 
British  ? 

A.  Charlestown. 

Q,   Who  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
American  forces  ? 

A.  George  Washington;  [June  ISth.J 

Q.  By  whom  was  he  appointed  ? 

A.  By  the  American  Congress,  assem 
bled  at  Philadelphia. 

Q    What  other  American  generals  were  then  ap 
pointed  ? 

A.  Generals  Ward,  Lee,  Sclmyler,  Put 
nam,  and  Gates. 

Q.  Of  what  age  was  Washington  when  appointed  ? 

A.  Forty-three  years. 

Q.  Where  did    Washington  take  command  of  the 
army  ? 

A.  At  Cambridge,  near  Boston;  [July 
3d.] 

Q.  What  was  the  size  .of  the  American  army  at  that 
time? 

A.  I'ourteen  thousand  men. 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


31 


LESSON  XXXIV. 

1775. — q.  What  American  general  entered  Canada  ? 

A.  General  Montgomery. 

Q.  What  towns  surrendered  to  Montgomery  ? 

A.  St.  John's  and  Montreal ;  [Nov.] 

Q.  What  city  did  Montgomery  then  attack  ? 

A.  Quebec. 

Q.  Who  joined  Montgomery  at  Quebec  ? 

A.  General  Arnold,  at  the  head  of  an 
American  force,  [December  1st.] 

Q.  How  many  Americans,  under  Montgomery  and 
Arnold,  attempted  the  capture  of  Quebec  ? 

A.  About  900. 

Q.  By  whom  was  Quebec  defended  ? 

A.  By   1500    British,   under  Governor 
Carleton. 

Q.  What  was  the  fate  of  Montgomery  ? 

A.  He  was  killed  by  the  discharge  of  a 
cannon,  while  ascending  the  heights. 

Q.  What  happened  to  Arnold  ? 

A.  He  received  a  wound  and  was  re 
moved  from  the  field. 


QUEBEC — HEIGHTS   OF   ABRAHAM— ST.    LAWRENCE   RIVER. 

Q.  Were  the  Americans  successful  at  Quebec  ? 

A.  They  were  not. 


LESSON  XXXV. 
BATTLES  AND  CAPTURES  IN  1775, 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 

(   Allen  and  Arnold   ) 

Ticonderoga,  \    May  10. 

(       over  De  la  Place.  J 


Crown  Point, 
Fort  Chambly, 

St.  John's, 
Montreal, 


Allen  and  Arnold 
over  De  la  Place 
Warner,  May  12. 

Montgomery,  Oct.  13. 

Montgomery  over 

Preston, 

Montgomery  over 
Carleton, 


Nov.  3. 
Nov.  13. 


B    STOX    AND    ITS    VICINITY. 


Lexington, 
Bunker  Hill, 

Quebec, 


BRITISH  VICTORIES. 

April  19. 

Howe  over  Prescott,      June  17. 
( Carleton  over  Mont- 
|  gomery. 


Dec.  31. 


32 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


OF    1775. 


LESSON    XXXVI. 

State  the  cause  of  the  American  Revolution  ? 

What  articles  were  first  taxed  ? 

What  was  the  "  Stamp  Act?" 

Where  and  hy  whom  was  the  Stamp  Act  passed  ? 

How  did  the  Americans  act  in  relation  to  the  law  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  Patrick  Henry  ? 

What  meeting  was  held  in  New  York  in  1765  ? 

What  did  Congress  agree  on  ? 

Did  the  Stamp  Act  continue  in  force  ? 

What  unjust  law  was  passed  by  Great  Britain  soon 
after  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act  ? 

How  did  the  Americans  act  concerning  it  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  their  opposition  '? 

Where  and  when  was  the  first  battle  fought  ? 

What  posts  were  captured  by  the  Americans,  in  May, 
1775  ?  By  whom  ? 

What  British  generals  arrived  from  England  ? 

For  what  is  June  17,  1775,  memorable  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  ? 

Who  were  the  commanders  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  General  Warren  ?       ,_ 

7 

What  was  done  to  Charlestown  ? 
When   was   Washington   appointed  commander-in- 
chief  ? 

Where  and  when  did  he  take  command  ? 

Upon  what  expedition  did  Gen.  Montgomery  proceed? 

What  towns  in  Canada  surrendered  to  Montgomery  ? 

Who  attempted  the  capture  of  Quebec  ? 

By  whom  was  Montgomery  joined  at  Quebec  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  Montgomery  ? 


LESSON    XXXVII. 

1776. — Q-  Where  was  the  British  army  at  the  com 
mencement  of  this  year  ? 

A.  In  Boston  and  its  vicinity. 

Q.  Who  succeeded  General  Gage  in  the  command 
of  the  British  ? 


THE    AilhKICAN    LAGLB. 


A.  General  Howe. 

Q.  Who  occupied  Dorchester  Heights,  near  Boston  ? 

A.  The  American  army,  under  "Wash 
ington. 

Q.  What  were  the  British  obliged  to  do  in  conse 
quence  ? 

A.  They  left  Boston  in  possession  of  the 
Americans,  and  sailed  for  Halifax. 

Q.  Where  did  Washington  and  his  army  then  go  ? 

A.  To  New  York. 

Q.  What  city  in  the  South  was  attacked  during  this 
year  ? 

A.  Charleston  ;  [June  28th.] 

Q.  Who  commanded  the  British  vessels  that  made 
the  attack  ? 

A.  Sir  Peter  Parker. 

Q.   Who    commanded    the    fort    which    defended 
Charleston  ? 

A.  Colonel  Moultrie. 

Q.  Who  were  successful  ? 

A.  The  Americans. 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  on  both  sides  ? 

A.  The  Americans  had  10  killed  and  22 
wounded  ;  the  British  lost  200. 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


33 


LESSON    XXXVIII. 

Q.  When  was  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  agreed  to  ? 

A,  On  the  4th  of  July,  1776, 
by  the  American  Congress. 

Q  Where  was  Congress  then  assem 
bled? 

A.  At  Philadelphia. 

Q  By  whom  was  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  drawn  up  ? 

A.  By  Thomas  Jefferson, 
who  afterward  became  Presi 
dent  of  the  United  States. 

Q.  What  did  Congress  declare  ? 

A.  That  the  American  colo 
nies  were  "  FKEE  AND  INDE 
PENDENT  STATES." 

Q.  What  did  the  signers  of  the  Dec 
laration  pledge  in  its  support  ? 

A.  "  Their  lives ,  their  for 
tunes,  and  their  sacred  honor" 


Where  situated  f     On  or  near  what 
water  f 

Breed's  Hill? 
Roxbury  ? 
Dorchester  ? 
Dorchester  Heights  ? 


Boston  ? 
Charlestown  ? 
Cambridge  ? 
Bunker  Hill  ? 


New  York  ? 
Brooklyn  ? 
Jamaica  ? 
Gravesend  ? 
New  Utrecht  ? 


Westchester  ? 
East  Chester  ? 
New  Rochelle  ? 
White  Plains  ? 
Fort  Washington  ? 


Harlem  Heights  ?  Fort  Lee  ? 
Paulus  Hook  ? 

Newark  ? 
New  Brunswick  ? 
Princeton  ? 
Trenton  ? 
Philadelphia  ? 


MAP  N?  4. 
1776. 


German  town  ? 

Eed  Bank,  or  Ft.  Mercer  ? 

Fort  Mifflin  ? 

Valley  Forge  ? 

Monmouth  ? 


Morristown  ? 


Charleston  ? 


Crown  Point? 
Ticonderoga  ? 


Fort  Moultrie  ? 
Fort  Johnson  ? 


Fort  Edward  ? 

Saratoga  ? 


Stillwater  ? 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    XXXIX. 

Q.  In  July,    1776,   where  were  the  two  armies, 
chiefly  ? 

A.  The  Americans  occupied  New  York 
and  Brooklyn ;  the  British,  Staten  Island. 

Q.  By  whom  was  General  Howe  joined  at  Staten 
Island  ? 

A.  By  his  brother,  Lord  Howe. 

Q.  What  was  the  size  of  the  armies  ? 

A.  The  Americans,  17,000 ;  the  British, 
35,000. 

Q.  Who  commanded  the  Americans  at  Brooklyn  ? 

A.  General  Putnam. 

Q.  When  were  the  Americans  attacked  at  Brooklyn  ? 

A.  August  27th,  by  the  British,  who 
crossed  over  from  Staten  Island. 

Q.  What  British  generals  were  engaged  in  this 
battle  ? 

A.  Clinton,  Percy,  Cornwallis,  Grant, 
and  De  Heister. 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  on  each  side  ? 

A.  The  Americans  lost  over  1000 ;  the 
British,  400. 

Q.  How  were   the  other  Americans  at   Brooklyn 

saved  ? 

A.  They  were  withdrawn  to  New  York 
during  the  night,  by  Washington. 

Q.  What  was  Washington  then  obliged  to  do  ? 

A.  To  retreat ;  being  closely  pursued  by 
the  British,  under  Howe. 

Q.  In  what  direction  did  Washington  go  ? 

A.  North,  by  way  of  Harlem,  White 
Plains,  and  North  Castle  ;  then  southwest, 
through  New  Jersey  to  the  Pennsylvania 
side  of  the  Delaware  River. 


Q.  What  battle  was  fought  during  this  retreat  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  White  Plains,  [Octo 
ber  28th.] 

Q.  What  two  forts  on  the  Hudson  were  taken  by 
the  British. 

A.  Forts  Washington  and  Lee. 

Q.  Which  fort  was  bravely  defended  by  the  Ameri 
cans  ? 

A.  Fort  Washington,  where  over  1000 
British  were  killed ;  [November  16th.] 

Q.  By  whom  was  Fort  Washington  defended  ? 

A.  Colonel  Magaw,  at  the  head  of  2700 
Americans,  who,  after  a  severe  engage 
ment,  were  forced  to  surrender  to  General 
Howe. 

Q.  What  capture  was  made  by  Washington,  at 
Trenton  ? 

A.  He  surprised  and  made  prisoners 
1000  Hessians,  [December  26th.] 


LESSON    XL. 


BATTLES  AND  CAPTURES  DURING  1776, 


AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 


Boston, 

Fort  Moultrie, 

Trenton, 


( Washington  over       )    , 

I    Mar.  I/. 
(  Howe,  ) 

j Moultrie  over 
1  Parker, 

j  Washington  over 
\  Rahl 


June  28. 
Dec.   26. 


BRITISH  VICTORIES. 

Long  Island,               Howe  over  Putnam,  Aug.  27. 

White  Plains,         }  Howe  over                )  ^ 
(              Washington, ) 

Fort  Washington,     Howe  over  Magaw,  Nov.  16. 

Fort  Lee,                      Cornwallis,  Nov.  18. 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


35 


REVIEW   OF1  1776. 


LESSON    XLI. 

Who  occupied  Boston  in  the  beginning  of  1776  ? 

Who  took  command  of  the  British  ? 

Where  were  the  Americans  at  that  time  ? 

Did  the  British  maintain  possession  of  Boston  ? 

Where  did  the  British  go  after  leaving  Boston  ? 

Where  did  Washington  then  go  ? 

What  attack  was  made  in  the  South  ? 

Who  were  the  commanders  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  on  Fort  Moultrie  ? 

Why  is  the  Fourth  of  July  celebrated  by  the  Ameri 
cans  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  Thomas  Jefferson  ? 

Where  were  the  two  armies  in  July  of  this  year  ? 

What  was  the  size  of  each  army  ? 

What  and  when  was  the  second  battle  in  1776  ? 

Who  were  successful  ? 

State  the  loss  on  each  side. 

Where  did  the  Americans  go  after  the  battle  of  Long 
Island  ? 

What  occurred  at  White  Plains  ?— At  Fort  Washing 
ton  ? 

What  important  success  had  Washington  in  Decem 
ber? 


LESSON    XLII. 

1777.— Q-    What  victory  soon    followed  that  at 
Trenton  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Princeton;  [January 
3d.] 

Q.  Who  commanded  the  Americans  at  Princeton  ? 

A.  Washington. 

Q.  What  American  general  was  among  the  killed  ? 

A.  General  Mercer. 

Q.  By  whom  was  Washington  pursued,  after  the 
battle  of  Princeton  ? 

A.  By  Cornwallis,  who  obliged  him  to 
retreat. 


Q.  Where  did  Washington  pass  the  winter,  in  the 
beginning  of  1777  ? 

A.  At  Morristown,  New  Jersey. 

Q,  Where  were  the  winter  quarters  of  the  British  ? 

A.  At  New  York. 

Q    Where  was  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine  fought  ? 

A.  At  Chad's  Ford,  on  Brandywine 
Creek,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Penn 
sylvania  ;  [September  llth.] 

Q.  Who  were  the  commanders  in  this  battle  ? 

A.  Washington  and  Howe. 

Q.  Who  were  successful  ? 

A.  The  British, 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  on  each  side  ? 

A.  The  Americans  lost  1300;  the  Brit 
ish,  500. 

Q.  What  two  distinguished  foreigners  assisted  the 
Americans  in  the  battle  of  Brandywine  ? 

A.  Lafayette,  of  France ;  and  Pulaski, 
of  Poland. 

Q.  To  what  city  did  Washington  retreat,  after  the 
battle  of  Brandywine  ? 

A.  Philadelphia. 

Q.  Did  Washington  hold  Philadelphia  ? 

A.  He  relinquished  the  city  to  General 
Howe,  who  entered  it,  [September  26th.] 

Q.  To  what  city  had  Congress  adjourned  ? 

A.  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania. 

Q.  Where  did  Washington  attack  the  British,  soon 
after  his  retreat  from  Philadelphia  ? 

A.  At  Germantown,  now  a  part  of  Phil 
adelphia  ;  [October  4th. J 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  at  German- 
town  ? 

A.  The  Americans  were  defeated,  hav 
ing  lost  1200  ;  the  British,  500. 


36 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 


THE   BRITISH   ENCAMPMENT. 

LESSON    XLII1. 

Q.  What  two  forts  on  the  Delaware  were  held  by 
the  Americans  ? 

A.  Forts  Mercer  and  Mifflin. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  on  Fort  Mer 
cer  ? 

A.  The  Hessians,  under  Colonel  Donop, 
were  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  400  men ;  the 
Americans  lost  about  30 ;  [October  22d.] 

Q.  Did  the  British  finally  capture  these  two  forts  ? 

A.  They  did. 

Q,  Where  did  the  Americans  pass  the  winter,  at  the 
close  of  1777  ? 

A.  At  Yalley  Forge,  twenty  miles  west 
of  Philadelphia,  where  they  suffered  great 
ly  from  cold,  hunger,  and  sickness. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  British  army  ? 

A.  It  consisted  of  regularly  trained  sol 
diers,  whose  wants  were  well  provided  for. 


THE  AMERICANS   AT  VAT.LEY   FORGE. 

Q.  Of  whom  was  the  American  army  mostly  com 
posed  ? 

A.  Of  men  who  went  from  their  farms 
and  workshops,  never  having  been  trained 
as  soldiers. 

Q.  Were  the  Americans  as  Veil  supplied  with 
clothes,  ammunition,  &c.,  as  the  British  ? 

A.  They  were  not ;  many  in  mid- winter 
marched  through  deep  snow,  without  coats, 
shoes,  or  stockings. 

Q.  Who  invaded  the  United  States  from  Canada  ? 

A.  General  Burgoyne,  at  the  head  of 
10,000  British  and  Indians. 

Q.  What  was  the  route  of  Burgoyne  ? 

A.  By  way  of  Lake  Champlairi  and  the 
Hudson  River  ? 

Q.  What  fort  on  Lake  Champlain  did  Burgoyne 
take? 

A.  Ticonderoga,  which  was  suddenly 
abandoned  by  General  St.  Clair  and  3000 
Americans. 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


Q.  Did  the  British  pursue  the  Americana 

A.  They  did,  and  the  Americans  lost 
1000  men. 


LESSON    XLIY. 

Q.  What  did  Colonel  Banm  attempt  ? 

A.  He  was  sent  by  Burgoyne  to  seize  the 
American  stores  at  Bennington,  Vermont. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  his  attempt  ? 

A.  He  was  met  by  General  Stark  and  a 
body  of  militia ; — Colonel  Banm  was  killed 
and  his  party  defeated  ;  [August  16th.] 

Q.  What  other  action  occurred  on  the  same  day, 
and  at  the  same  place  ? 

A.  A  British  reinforcement,  under  Col 
onel  Breyman,  was  defeated  by  Colonel 
Warner  and  the  Green  Mountain  Boys. 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  in  the  two  engagements  ? 

A.  The  British,  TOO;  the  Americans, 
100. 

Q.  Who  commanded  the  northern  division  of  the 
American  army  ? 

A.  General  Gates,  who  succeeded  Gen 
eral  Schuyler. 

Q.  Who  commanded  the  northern  division  of  the 
British  army  ? 

A.  General  Burgoyne. 

Q.  What  two  battles  were  fought  by  Gates  and 
Burgoyne  ? 

A.  The  battles  of  Stillwater,  22  miles 
north  of  Albany,  [September  19th  and 
October  Tth.] 

Q.  Who  were  successful  ? 

A.  The  Americans. 


Q.  What  was  the  loss  on  both  sides  ? 

A.  The  British,  900 ;  the  Americans,  400. 


LESSON    XLV. 

Q.  What  was  Burgoyne  obliged  to  do  at  Saratoga  ? 

A.  Burgoyne,  with  nearly  6000  British, 
surrendered  to  General  Gates,  at  Saratoga ; 
[October  17th.] 

Q.  What  agreement  was  made  ? 

A.  That  the  British,  under  Burgoyne, 
should  give  up  their  arms  and  ammunition 
to  the  Americans,  return  to  England,  and 
engage  no  more  in  the  war. 

Q.  What  Polish  hero  served  as  chief  engineer  in  the 
army  of  Gates  ? 

A.  Kosciusko. 

Q.  Who  had  started  from  New  York  to  assist  Bur 
goyne  ? 

A.  General  Clinton,  with  3000  men. 

Q.  How  far  had  Clinton  proceeded  when  Burgoyne 
surrendered  ? 

A.  Up  the  Hudson,  as  far  as  the  village 
of  Esopus,  now  Kingston,  which  he  burned ; 
[October  15th.] 

Q.  What  forts  on  the  Hudson  did  he  capture  from 
the  Americans  ? 

A.  Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery ; 
[October  6th.] 

Q.  Where  did  Clinton  go,  upon  hearing  of  Bur 
goyne' s  defeat? 

A.  He  returned  to  New  York. 

Q.  Did  the  British  retain  possession  of  Ticonderoga, 
after  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  ? 

A.  They  did  not,  but  returned  to  Can 
ada. 


38 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    XLVI. 
BATTLES  AND  CAPTURES  DURING  1777. 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 


Princeton, 

Bennington, 

Bennington, 

Stillwater, 
StiUwater, 
Fort  Mercer, 

Brandywine, 

Germantown, 

Port  MiflQin, 
Fort  Mercer, 


j  Washington  over      ) 

^  |    Aug.  16. 


(  Mawhood, 

Stark  over  Baum,  Aug.  16. 


j  Warner  over 

(  Breyman, 

Gates  over  Burgoyne,  Sept.  19. 
Gates  over  Burgoyne,  Oct.  7. 
Greene  over  Donop,  Oct.  22. 

BRITISH  VICTORIES. 

( Howe  over  ) 

(  Washington, ) 

< Howe  over  ) 

\  Washington,  J 

(  Abandoned  by  the     )    Nov.  16. 
|  Americans,  ^   Nov.  18. 


REVIEW  OF  1777. 


LESSON    XLVII. 

When  was  the  battle  of  Princeton  fought  ? 

What  important  capture  was  made,  just  before  the 
battle  of  Princeton  ? 

Who  were  successful  at  Princeton  ? 

Why  did  Washington  retreat  after  the  battle  ? 

Where  did  the  two  armies  pass  the  winter  of  1777  ? 

When  was  the  battle  of  Brandywine  fought  ? 

Who  were  the  commanders  at  that  battle  ? 

State  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Brandywine. 

What  battle  was  fought  soon  after  that  of  Brandy- 
wine  ? 

By  whom  was  the  attack  made  ? 

Who  were  successful  at  Germantown  ? 

What  forts  on  the  Delaware  were  taken  by  the 
British  ? 

For  what  is  Valley  Forge  noted  ? 

From  what  direction  did  Burgoyne  enter  the  United 
States  ? 

What  losses  were  sustained  by  the  Americans  ? 

Describe  the  battle  of  Bennington  ? 

Who  succeeded  Schuyler  in  command  of  the  northern 
army  of  the  Americans  ? 

Where  and  when  were  battles  fought  by  Gates  and 
Burgoyne  ? 

What  successes  attended  the  Americans  ? 

What  were  the  terms  of  Burgoyne' s  surrender  ? 

To  whom  did  he  surrender  ? 

What  station  did  Kosciusko  fill  in  the  army  of  Gates  ? 

For  what  purpose  did  Clinton  leave  New  York,  just 
before  Burgoyne' s  defeat  ? 

What  direction  did  Clinton  take  ? 

What  did  he  accomplish  at  that  time  ? 


LESSON   XLVIII. 

1778. — Q.  What  government  assisted  the  Americans 
in  the  Revolution  ? 

A.  France. 

Q.  Where  was  the  treaty  of  alliance  formed  ? 

A.  At  Paris,  [February  6th,  1778.] 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


39 


Q.  By  whom  was  the  treaty  signed,  on  behalf  of 
the  Americans  ? 

A.  Benjamin  Franklin,  Silas  Deane,  and 
Arthur  Lee. 

Q.  When  was  the  treaty  ratified  by  Congress  ? 

A.  May  4th,  1778. 

Q.  What  attempt  to  effect  a  settlement  was  made 
by  the  British  government  ? 

A.  England  sent  commissioners  to  Amer 
ica  for  that  purpose 

Q.  Were  their  offers  received  by  Congress  ? 

A.  They  were  promptly  rejected. 

Q.  What  assistance  was  sent  by  France  ? 

A.  A  French  fleet,  under  Count  D'Es- 
taing. 

Q.  Who  succeeded  General  Howe  in  command  of 
the  British  ? 

A.  General  Clinton. 

Q.  Where  did  Clinton  concentrate  his  forces,  in 
June,  1778  ? 

A.  At  New  York. 

Q.  When  did  the  British  evacuate  Philadelphia  ? 

A.  June  18th,  1778  ;  having  held  it  for 
about  nine  months. 

Q.  Where  did  Congress  meet  while  the  British  held 
Philadelphia  ? 

A.  At  Lancaster  and  York,  Pennsylvania. 

Q.  What  was  the  first  battle  in  1778  ? 

A.  Battle  of  Monmouth,  New  Jersey, 
[June  28th.] 

Q.  Describe  the  battle  of  Monmouth. 

A.  The  battle  was  commenced  by  Gen 
eral  Lee,  who  was  soon  forced  to  retreat ; 
but  Washington  and  the  main  body  of  his 
army  coining  up,  the  British  left  the  field. 


LESSON    XLIX. 

Q.  After  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  where  did  the 
two  armies  go  ? 

A.  The  Americans,  to  "White  Plains ; 
the  British,  to  ISTew  York. 

Q.  What  victory  was  gained  in  PJiode  Island,  by 
the  Americans  ? 

A.  The  victory  of  General  Sullivan  over 
General  Pigot,  [August  29th.] 

Q.  What  massacre  occurred  in  July,  1778  ? 

A.  The  massacre  of  "Wyoming,  in*Penn- 
sylvania,  by  1600  Tories  and  Indians  led 
by  Colonel  John  Butler,  who  was  noted 
for  his  cruelty ;  [July  3d.] 

Q.  What  cruelties  were  perpetrated  at  Wyoming  ? 

.fi.  The  patriots'  houses  were  burned, 
and  their  families  barbarously  murdered. 

Q.  Where  were  similar  cruelties  committed  in  No 
vember  ? 

A.  At  Cherry  Valley,  New  York 

Q.  What  city  in  Georgia  was  taken  by  the  British  ? 

A.  Savannah,  by  2000  British  under 
Colonel  Campbell ;  [December  29th.] 

Q.  By  what  American  officer  was  Savannah  defended  ? 

A.  General  Robert  Howe. 

Q.  Who  preceded  Clinton  in  command  of  the  Brit 
ish  ? 

A.  General  Sir  "William  Howe. 

Q,  Who  commanded  the  British  squadron  off  the 
American  coast? 

A.  Lord  Howe,  brother  of  General  Sir 
"William  Howe. 

Q.  Where  did  Washington  retire  to  winter  quarters, 
in  the  autumn  of  1778  ? 

A.  To  Middlebrook,  New  Jersey. 


40 


MONTEITII'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    L. 


BATTLES  DURING  1778, 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 
Monmouth,  ^  °~",™       }    June  28. 


j  Washington  over 
(  Clinton, 


Rhode  Island, 

Wyoming, 
Savannah, 


Sullivan  over  Pigot,       Aug.  29. 


BRITISH  VICTOIIIES. 

(John  Butler  over      > 
\         Zebulon  Butler,  \    l 

Campbell  over  Howe,      Dec.  29. 


OF  1778. 


LESSON    LI. 

What  treaty  was  formed  in  February,  1778  ? 

What  step  did  England  take  to  put  an  end  to  the 
war  ? 

Who  took  command  of  the  British  ? 

Who  preceded  Clinton  ? 

What  forces  were  concentrated  at  New  York  in  June 
of  this  year  ? 

What  city  did  the  British  then  evacuate  ? 

When  was  the  battle  of  Monmouth  fought  ? 

Describe  the  battle  of  Monmouth. 

What  victory  was  won  by  the  Americans,  August 
29th  ? 

When  and  by  whom  was  the  massacre  of  Wyoming 
committed  ? 

By  whom  was  Savannah  taken  ? 

What  city  did  General  Robert  Howe  defend,  in  the 
Revolution  ? 

What  command  had  General  Sir  William  Howe  ? 

What  command  had  Lord  Howe  ? 

In  what  year  did  Washington  pass  the  winter  at 
Middlebrook  ? 


LESSON    LI  I. 

1779. — Q-  Who  took  command  of  the  troops  in  the 
South  ? 

A.  General  Lincoln  of  the  Americans, 
and  General  Prevost  of  the  British. 

Q.  Where  were  Washington  and  Clinton  ? 

A.  In  the  Northern  States  ? 

Q.  What  success  did  the  Americans  meet  with  in 
February  ? 

A.  Colonel  Pickens,  at  the  head  of  a 
party  of  South  Carolina  militia,  totally  de 
feated  a  band  of  tories  under  Colonel  Boyd, 
near  Augusta ;  [February  14th.] 

Q.  Whom  did  General  Lincoln  send  to  take  a  posi 
tion  on  Brier  Creek,  in  Georgia  ? 

A.  General  Ash,  with  2000  Americans. 

Q.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  Americans  under  Ash  ? 

A.  They  were  surprised  and  defeated  by 
the  British,  under  General  Prevost,  [March 
3d.]  The  Americans  lost  1600. 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


41 


Q.  Against  what  city  did  Prcvost 
march,  after  the  battle  of  Brier  Creek  ? 

A.  Charleston ;  but,  as  lie 
was  preparing  an  attack,  Lin 
coln  appeared,  and  the  British 
withdrew;  [May  llth.] 

Q.  What  battle  was  fought  near 
Charleston  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Stono  Fer 
ry,  in  which  the  Americans, 
under  Lincoln,  were  defeated ; 
[June  20th.] 

Q.  What  cruelties  were  perpetrated 
by  Governor  Try  on  ? 

A.  Governor  Try  on,  with  a 
body  of  British,  plundered  and 
burned  the  villages  of  East 
Haven,  Fairfield,  and  Nor- 
walk,  in  Connecticut ;  [July.] 

Q.  What  two  posts  on  the  Hudson 
were  surrendered  by  the  Americans, 
during  1779  ? 

A.  Stony  Point  and  Yer- 
planck's  Point,  to  Clinton; 
[June.] 

Q.  By  whom  was  Stony  Point  re 
gained  for  the  Americans  ? 

A.  By  General  Wayne,  after 
a  severe  contest  at  midnight ; 
[July  15th.] 

Q.  What  success  did  the  Americans 
meet  with  at  Paulus  Hook  ? 

A.  Major  Lee  captured  the 
British  garrison,  taking  160 
prisoners;  [July  19th.] 


Guilford  ? 
Cow pens  ? 
Wilmington  ? 
Fort  Granby  ? 
Monk's  Corner  ? 


Where  situated  ? 

Hillsborough  ? 
Waxhaw  Creek  ? 

Camden  ? 
Augusta  ? 
Charleston  ? 


King's  Mountain  ? 
Hanging  Hock  ? 
Ninety-six  ? 
Eutaw  Springs  ? 
Savannah  ? 


42 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    LIII. 

Q.  Who  was  sent  to  check  the  incursions  of  the 
Tories  arid  Indians  ? 

A.  General  Sullivan,  with  4600  Ameri 
cans. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  Sullivan's  expedition  ? 

A.  He  defeated  the  enemy  at  the  battle 
of  Cheimmg,  destroyed  40  Indian  villages, 
and  completely  routed  the  Indians. 

Q.  What  attempt  was  made  to  recover  Savannah 
from  the  British  ? 

A.  It  was  besieged  by  1000  Americans 
under  Lincoln,  and  3000  French  under 
Count  d'Estaing ;  [September.] 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  ? 

A.  The  Americans  and  French  assaulted 
Savannah;  but,  after  a  desperate  battle, 
were  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  over  1100 
men ;  [October  9th.] 

Q.  What  Polish  nobleman  was  mortally  wounded 
during  the  assault  ? 

A.  Count  Pulaski,  who  zealously  de 
fended  the  cause  of  the  Americans. 

Q.  What  celebrated  naval  battle  was  fought  in 
1779? 

A.  Paul  Jones,  commander  of  a  flotilla 
of  French  and  American  vessels,  captured 
two  English  vessels  of  war,  off  the  coast  of 
Scotland ;  [September  23d.] 

Q.  Between  what  two  vessels  was  the  battle  chiefly 
fought  ? 

A.  The  Bon  Homme  Richard,  and  the 
English  vessel  Serapis. 


Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  ? 

A.  After  a  very  severe  engagement, 
Jones  defeated  the  British  and  captured 
their  vessels. 

Q.  How  many  men  did  Jones  lose  in  the  battle  ? 
A.  Out  of  375,  there  were  300  killed. 

Q.  Where  did  the  Americans  retire  to  winter  quar 
ters,  at  the  close  of  1779  ? 

A.  One  division,  with  Washington,  to 
Morristown,  ISTew  Jersey  ;  another,  to  West 
Point;  and  the  third,  with  Lincoln,  to 
Sheldon. 


LESSON    LIY. 


BATTLES  DURING  1779. 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 

Near  Augusta,          Pickens  over  Boyd,  Feb.  14. 

Stony  Point,  Wayne  over  Vaughan,  July  15. 

Paulus  Hook,  Lee,  July  19. 

( Sullivan  over  ) 

Chemung,  [  Aug.  29. 

(  Johnson,  J 

Near  Scotland,          Jones  over  Pearson,       Sept.  23. 

BRITISH  VICTORIES. 

Brier  Creek,,    .         Prevost  over  Ash,  March  3. 

Stono  Ferry,  Prevost  over  Lincoln,  June  20. 

Savannah,  Prevost  over  Lincoln,  Oct.      9. 


REVIEW  OE  1779. 

LESSON   LV. 

Who  commanded  the  armies  in  1779  ? 
What  victory  was  won  by  Colonel  Pickens  ? 
Was  Pickens  in  the  British  or  American  army  ? 
Describe  the  defeat  of  General  Ash. 
What  attempt  was  made  by  the  British  against 
Charleston  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Stono  Ferry  ? 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


43 


"What  villages  were  burned  in  Connecticut,  during 
1779  y — By  whom  ? 

What  was  done  at  Stony  Point  and  Verplanck's  Point, 
in  June  ? 

What  victory  was  won  by  General  Wayne,  July  15th  ? 

What  victory  was  won  by  Major  Lee,  July  19th  ? 

What  success  did  General  Sullivan  meet  with  in  Au 
gust  ? 

In  which  army  were  Wayne,  Lee,  and  Sullivan  ? 

Describe  the  siege  of  Savannah. 

Who  defended  the  city  ? 

What  victory  was  won  by  Paul  Jones  for  the  Ameri 
cans  ? 

Give  an  account  of  the  battle. 

Where  were  the  winter  quarters  of  the  Americans  ? 


LESSON    LVI. 

1780. — Q-  Where  were  the  military  operations 
mostly  carried  on  during  1780  ? 

A.  In  South  Carolina. 

Q.  What  city  was  besieged  ? 

A.  Charleston,  by  Clinton,  [April  1st.] 

Q.  By  whom  was  the  city  defended  ? 

A.  By  General  Lincoln. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  siege  ? 

A.  Lincoln,  being  surrounded  by  the 
British,  was  forced  to  surrender  his  troops, 
2000  in  number,  prisoners  of  war ;  [May 
12th.] 

Q.  What  occurred  at  Monk's  Corner,  dming  the 
siege  of  Charleston  ? 

A.  A  party  of  British,  under  Colonels 
Tarleton,  Webster,  and  Ferguson,  surprised 
and  defeated  a  detachment  of  Americans 
under  General  Huger. 


Q.  Who  succeeded  Lincoln  in  the  command  of  the 
troops  at  the  South  ? 

A.  General  Gates. 

Q.  Who  took  command  of  the  British  in  the  South  ? 

A.  Lord  Cornwallis. 

Q.  What  massacre  occurred  in  May  of  1780  ? 

A.  Colonel  Tarleton,  and  a  body  of  Brit 
ish,  surprised  400  Americans,  under  Colonel 
Buford,  at  "Waxhaw  Creek,  and  massacred 
them  after  they  had  surrendered;  [May 
29th.] 

Q.  What  success  attended  the  Americans,  in  Au 
gust  ? 

A.  Colonel  Sumpter  attacked  and  de 
stroyed  a  regiment  of  British  and  Tories,  at 
Hanging  Rock  ;  [August  6th.] 

Q.  Where  was  the  first  battle  fought  by  Gates  in 
the  South  ? 

A.  On  Sanders  Creek,  near  Camden, 
South  Carolina  ;  [August  16th.] 

Q.  Who  were  victorious  at  the  battle  of  Camden  ? 

A.  The  British,  under  Cornwallis. 

Q.  What  loss  did  the  Americans  sustain  in  this 
battle  ? 

A.  About  2000  men. 

Q.  What  German  officer,  assisting  the  Americans, 
was  mortally  wounded  ? 

A.  Baron  de  Kalb. 

Q.  To  what  place  did  Gates  retreat,  after  the  battle 
of  Camden  ? 

A.  To  Hillsboro,  North  Carolina. 

Q.  What  defeat  followed,  two  days  afterward  ? 

A.  Colonel  Sumpter  and  300  Americans 
were  surprised  by  Tarleton ;  Sumpter  and 
a  few  of  his  men  only  escaped ;  [August 
18th.] 


44 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    LYII. 

Q.  What  victory  was  gained  by  the  Americans  in 
October  ? 

A.  Colonel  Campbell  defeated  the  Brit 
ish  and  Tories  under  Colonel  Ferguson,  at 
King's  Mountain,  [October  7th.] 

Q.  State  the  loss  on  both  sides. 

A.  Ferguson  was  slain,  and  300  British 
and  Tories  were  killed  and  wounded ;  the 
Americans  lost  but  20. 

Q.  Had  General  Gates  been  successful  in  the  South  ? 

A.  He  had  not;  and,  in  consequence, 
was  superseded  by  General  Greene;  [De 
cember  2d.] 

Q.  What  fleet  and  troops  came  to  the  Americans' 

assistance  in  July  ? 

A .  A  fleet  under  De  Ternay,  and  6000 
troops  under  Count  de  Rochambeau,  from 
France,  arrived  at  Rhode  Island ;  [July  10.] 

Q.  What  general  became  traitor  to  the  Americans  ? 

A.  Benedict  Arnold,  who  had  secretly 
agreed  to  betray  West  Point  into  the  hands 
of  the  British. 

Q.  Who  was  sent  by  Clinton  to  negotiate  with  Ar 
nold? 

A.  Major  Andre. 

Q.  How  was  the  plot  discovered  ? 

A.  Major  Andre,  having  secretly  com 
pleted  the  arrangements  with  Arnold,  was 
returning  to  the  British  ;  when  he  was  sur 
prised,  near  Tarrytown,  by  three  of  the 
American  militia,  and  made  prisoner ; 
[September  23d.] 


THE   CAPTURE   OF  MAJOR  ANDR£. 

Q.  What  were  the  nan>es  of  these  captors  ? 

A.  John  Paulding,  David  Williams,  and 
Isaac  Yan  AYert. 

Q.  What  became  of  Andre*  and  Arnold  ? 

A.  Arnold  escaped  to  the  British,  [Sep 
tember  24th ;]  and  Andre  was  hanged  as  a 
spy ;  [October  2d.] 


LESSON    LYIII. 
BATTLES  AND  CAPTURES  DURING  1780. 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 
Hanging  Rock,         Sumpter,  Aug.    6. 


_.. 

Bang's  Mountam, 


Campbell  over 


) 

J 


Ferguson, 

BRITISH  VICTORIES. 

Monk's  Corner,         Tarleton  over  Hnger,  Apr  14. 

Charleston,                 Clinton  over  Lincoln,  May  12. 

Waxhaw,                    Tarleton  over  Buford,  May  29. 

Camden,                   ( Cornwall!*  over        )  Jf. 

Orates, ) 

_  ( Tarleton  over  ) 

On  the  Wateree,    <  [   Aug.  18. 

(  Sumpter, ) 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


REVIEW   OF   178O. 


LESSON    LIX. 

What  three  generals  successively  commanded  the 
Americans  in  the  South  ? 

Who  commanded  the  British  in  the  South  ? 

What  occurred  at  Charleston  on  the  first  of  April  ? 

What  American  general  defended  Charleston  ? 

By  whom  was  the  siege  conducted  ? 

When,  and  by  whom,  was  General  Hnger  defeated  ? 

What  occurred  at  Y^axhaw  Creek,  May  29th  ? 

What  did  Colonel  Sunipter  achieve  on  the  6th  of 
August  ? 

What  battle  was  fought  August  16th  ? 

Who  commanded  the  Americans  at  the  battle  of 
Camden  ? 

Who  commanded  the  British  ? 

What  is  said  of  Baron  De  Kalb  ? 

Who  retreated  to  Hillsboro,  North  Carolina  ? 

What  loss  did  Sumpter  meet  with  in  August  ? 

Who  were  victorious  at  the  battle  of  King's  Moun 
tain  ? 

Who  succeeded  Gates  ?     Why  ? 

What  treachery  was  discovered  in  1780  ? 

What  British  officers  were  concerned  in  this  plot  ? 

What  connection  had  Major  Andre  with  the  plot  ? 

Did  it  succeed  ?     Why  not  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  Andre  ? 

Where  did  Arnold  go  ? 

Mention  the  American  victories  in  1780. 

Mention  the  British  victories. 


LESSON    LX. 

1781.— Q-  What  was  the  first  battle  in  1781  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  the  Cowpens,  [January 
ttth.] 

Q.  Who  were  victorious  in  the  battle  of  the  Cow- 
pens  ? 


fcCUKENOHK   OF   COKNWALU8,    AT   VORKTOWN. 

A.  The  Americans,  binder  General  Mor 
gan,  defeated  the  British  under  Colonel 
Tarleton. 

Q.  State  the  loss  at  the  battle  of  the  Cowpens. 

A.  The  British  lost  800,  in  killed,  wound 
ed,  and  prisoners ;  the  Americans,  80. 

Q.  What  were  the  Americans  obliged  to  do,  after 
the  battle  of  the  Cowpens  ? 

A.  The  Americans,  under  Greene  and 
Morgan,  being  pursued  by  Cornwallis,  were 
obliged  to  retreat. 

Q.  What  was  the  second  battle  in  1781  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Guilford  Court-House, 
[March  15th.] 

Q.  Who  gained  the  battle  of  Guilford  Court-House  ? 
A.  Cornwallis  defeated  General  Greene, 
after  a  severe  engagement. 

Q.  State  the  loss  at  the  battle  of  Guilford  Court- 
House  ? 

A.  The  Americans,  400  killed  and 
wounded ;  the  British,  500. 


46 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES, 


LESSON    LXI. 

Q.  Where  was  the  third  battle  in  1781  fought  ? 

A.  At  Hobkirk's  Hill,  near  Camden, 
where  General  Greene  was  attacked  and 
defeated  by  Lord  Rawdoii ;  [April  25th.] 

Q.  What  success  had  the  Americans  in  September  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs,  where 
General  Greene  attacked  and  defeated  the 
main  body  of  the  British,  under  Colonel 
Stewart ;  [September  8th.] 

Q.  What  town  in  Connecticut  was  burned  by  the 
British  under  Arnold  ? 

A.  New  London. 

Q.  What  battle  brought  the  war  to  a  close  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Yorktown,  where  Corn- 
wallis  surrendered  his  army  to  Washington. 

Q.  Where  is  Yorktown  situated  ? 

A.  In  Virginia,  on  York  .River. 

Q.  What  was  the  position  of  each  army  in  this 
battle  ? 

A.  The  British  were  posted  in  York- 
town,  and  were  surrounded  by  the  Ameri 
cans  and  French,  who  besieged  the  town 
for  several  days. 

Q.  What  fleet  greatly  assisted  the  Americans,  in 
the  battle  of  Yorktown  ? 

A.  A  French  fleet  under  Count  de 
Grasse. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Yorktown  ? 

A.  Cornwallis  surrendered  to  Washing 
ton  his  army  of  more  than  7000  soldiers, 
besides  artillery,  arms,  &c. ;  and  the  Brit 
ish  vessels  in  the  harbor  to  the  French ; 
[October  19th.] 


LESSON    LXII. 
BATTLES  DURING  1781. 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 

(  Morgan  over  ) 

Cowpens,  V    Jan.   17. 

(  Tarleton,  ) 

Eutaw  Springs,         Greene  over  Stewart,     Sept.    8. 

(  Washington  over       ) 

Yorktown,  I    Oct.    19. 

Corn  Avail  is,  ) 


BRITISH  VICTORIES. 

G-uilford  Court-       (  Cornwallis  over 
_ 
House,   (  Greene, 

Hobkirk's  Hill,         Rawdon  over  Greene,     Apr.  25. 


Mar.  15. 


REVIEW   OF   1781. 


LESSON    LXII  I. 

When  and  by  whom  was  the  battle  of  the  Cowpens 
fought  ? 

State  the  result  and  loss. 

Why  was  Morgan  obliged  to  retreat,  after  his  victory  ? 

What  engagement  followed  the  battle  of  the  Cow- 
pens? 

Who  were  the  commanders  at  the  battle  of  Guilford  ? 

State  the  result  and  loss  ? 

Who  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill? 

Who  gained  the  victory  ? 

What  victoiy  was  gained  by  General  Greene,  Sep 
tember  8th. 

By  whom  was  New  London  burned  in  this  year  ? 

What  event  terminated  the   war  in  favor  of  the 
Americans  ? 

Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Yorktown. 

In  what  battle  was  General  Greene  victorious,  during 
1781? 

In  what  battles  was  he  defeated  ? 

Who  assisted  the  Americans  in  the  battle  of  York 
town  ? 

During  1781,  what  victories  had  the  Americans  ? 

What  victories  had  the  British  ? 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


Q.  Wheii  was  peace  proclaimed  to  the  American 
army  ? 

A.  April  19tli,  1783,  just  eight  years 
after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  the  com 
mencement  of  the  Revolution. 

Q.  What  was  Great  Britain's  loss  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution  ? 


WASHINGTON'S  FAREWELL  TO  HIS  OFFICERS. 


LESSON    LXIV. 

1782,— Q-  Who  succeeded  Clinton  in  command  of 
the  British  ? 

A.  Sir  Guy  Carleton. 

Q.  When  did  hostilities  mostly  cease  ? 

A.  In  the  spring  ot  1782. 

Q.  Where  and  when  were  preliminary  articles  of 
peace  signed  If 

A.  In  Paris,  November  30th,  1782. 

Q.  What  cities  in  the  South  were  evacuated  by  the 
British  during  this  year  ? 

A.  Savannah,  [July  llth,]  and  Charles 
ton,  [December  14th.] 

1783.— Q-  When  was  the  definitive  treaty  signed  ? 

A.  September  3d,  1783,  in  Paris. 

Q.  Who  were  the  American  commissioners  by  whom 
the  treaty  was  signed  ? 

A.   John    Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin, 
and  John  Jay. 


A.  Great  Britain  lost  £100,000,000,  and 
50,000  soldiers. 

Q.  When  did  the  British  evacuate  New  York  ? 

A.  November  25th,  1783 ;  and  General 
Washington  entered  the  city  in  triumph. 

Q.  Where  did  Washington  bid  farewell  to  his  offi 
cers? 

A.  At  New  York,  [December  4th,  1783.] 

Q.  When  did  he  resign  his  military  commission  ? 

A.  He  resigned  his  commission  before 
Congress,  which  was  assembled  at  Anna 
polis,  December  23d,  1783,  and  retired  to 
his  home  at  Mount  Yernon,  in  Virginia. 


REVIEW   OF    1782-83. 
LESSON    LXV. 

Were  any  battles  fought  in  1782  or  1783  ? 

What  position  did  Sir  Guy  Carleton  hold  in  the 
war  ? 

After  the  battle  of  Yorktown,  what  forces  assembled 
at  New  York  ? 

For  what  was  the  spring  of  1782  memorable  ? 

Where  and  when  was  peace  concluded  ? 

What  occurred  on  the  25th  of  November,  1783  ? 

What  did  Washington  do  after  peace  was  con 
cluded  ? 

Where  was  Congress  in  session  at  the  conclusion  of 
peace  ? 


48 


MONTEITII'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    LXVI. 

Q.  By  whom  was  the  Constitution  formed  ? 

A.  By  delegates  from  tlie  States,  assem 
bled  at  Philadelphia. 

Q.  When  was  the  Constitution  formed,  and  when 
adopted  ? 

A.  The  Constitution  was  formed  by  the 
Convention,  in  1787,  and  adopted  by  the 
States  shortly  afterward. 

Q.  Who  was  President  of  the  Convention  ? 

A.  George  Washington. 

Q.  Of  what  three  departments  is  this  government 
composed  ? 

A.  Executive,  Legislative,  and  Judicial. 

Q.  Who  possesses  the  executive  power  ? 
A.  The  President. 
Q.  Who  possesses  the  legislative  power  ? 
A.  Congress  ;  which  is  composed  of  sen 
ators  and  representatives. 

Q.  Who  have  the  judicial  power? 

A.  The  judges. 

Q.  Where  did  Congress  first  meet,  after  the  adop 
tion  of  the  Constitution  ? 

A.  At  New  York  ;  [April,  1789.] 

Q.  Who  was  elected  the  first  President  of  the  United 
States  ? 

A.  George  Washington,  who  was  inau 
gurated  at  New  York,  April  30th,  1789. 

Q.  What  hattles  were  fought  with  the  Indians  in 
1790  and  1791  ? 

A.  The  Indians  defeated  Generals  Har- 
mer  and  St.  Clair,  but  were  subdued  by 
General  Wayne,  in  1794:. 


DEATH  OF  GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 


LESSON    LXVII. 

Q.  How  long  was  Washington   President  of  the 
United  States  ? 

A.  He  served  two  terms,  or  eight  years, 
when  he  declined  a  re-election. 

Q.  Where  did  Washington  die  ? 
A.  At  Mount  Vernon,  in  the  68th  year 
of  his  age  ;  [December  14th,  1799.] 

Q.  When  did  the  city  of  Washington  become  the 
capital  of  the  United  States  ? 

A.  In  the  year  1800. 

Q.  What  city  had  previously  been  the  seat  of  gov 
ernment  ? 

A.  Philadelphia,  for  ten  years. 

Q.  What  piracies  were  committed  upon  American 
vessels  in  the  Mediterranean  ? 

A.  Piracies' of  the  Barbary  States — Mo 
rocco,  Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 


WAR    WITH    GREAT    BKIT  AI  N— 1  8  1  2. 


49 


Q.  What  distinguished  man  was  killed  in  a  duel 
by  Aaron  Burr,  in  1804  ? 

A.  Alexander  Hamilton,  who  had  been 
the  constant  friend  of  Washington. 

Q.  For  what  was  Burr  tried,  in  1807  ? 

A.  For  treason. 

Q.  What  battle  was  fought  with  the  Indians,  No 
vember  7th,  181 1-? 

A.    Tippecanoe,    by   General    William 
Henry  Harrison,  when   the  Indians  were 
defeated, 
PEESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


NAMES. 


Ina  lira-     I  Years 
Fated        i  served. 


GrEQKGE    WASIIIXGTOV  . 

1789 

8 

JOHX  ADAMS  ^  

1797 

4 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON 

1801 

8 

JAMES  MADISOX  

1809 

8 

1817 

8 

Joiix  QUIXCY  ADAMS. 

1825 

4. 

1829 

8 

MARTIN  VAN  BUREN  

1837 

4 

WILLIAM  II.  HARRISON  

1841 

i 

1841 

1  2 
31  1 

JAMES  K.  POLK  

1845 

1  2 

4 

ZA  CHARY  TAYLOR  

1849 

1» 

MlLLAIJD    FlLLMORE 

1850 

A  3 

22 

FEANKLIN  PIERCE  

1853 

Z3 

4 

JAMES  I3ucHA"VA.N     ....    .. 

1857 

n  E  v-i  E  w 

FROM  THE  REVOLUTION  TO  THE  WAK  OF  1812. 


LESSON    LXVIII. 

With  what  battle  did   the  war  of  the   Revolution 
commence  ? 

When  was  the  battle  of  Lexington  fought  ? 

How  long  did  the  war  last  ? 

When  was  peace  proclaimed  to  the  American  army  ? 


Where,  and  by  whom,  was  the  Constitution  formed  ? 

When  was  the  Constitution  adopted  ? 

Was  Washington  in  the  Convention  ? 

In  whom  is  the  Executive  power  placed  ? — the  Legis 
lative  ? — the  Judicial.? 

Where  and  when  did  the  first  Congress  meet  ? 

Where  and  when  was  Washington  inaugurated  ? 

Was  Washington  re-elected  ? 

Where  did  he  die  ? 

What  two  generals  were  defeated  by  the  Indians  in 
1790  and  1791  ? 

By  whom  were  the  Indians  subdued,  in  1794  ? 

How  long  had  Philadelphia  been  the  capital  of  the 
United  States  ? 

When,  and  to  wliat  city,  was  the  capital  removed  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  Alex'ander  Hamilton  ? 

When,  and  by  whom,  was  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe 


LESSON    LXIX. 

1812. — Q-  How  long  were  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  at  peace  with  each  other,  after  the  Eevo- 
lution  ? 

A.  Twenty-nine  years,  when  the  second 
war  broke  out 

Q.  When  did  Congress  declare  -war  against  Great 
Britain  ? 

A.  June  18th,  1812. 

Q.  What  was  the  chief  cause  of  the  second  war  ? 

A.  The  British  had  committed  outrages 

o 

upon  American  seamen. 

Q.  Who  was  President  during  the  second  war  ? 

A.  James  Madison. 

Q.  Who  was  appointed  commander-in-cliief  of  the 
American  army  ? 

A.  Henry  Dearborn,  of  Massachusetts. 

Q.  Where  were  the  first  actions  of  this  war  f 

A.  In  Michigan. 

Q.  What  American  post  was  surrendered  in  July  ? 

A.  Fort  Mackinaw  ;  [July  17th.] 


50 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    LXX. 

Q.  Where  were  the  first  two  battles 
fought  ? 

A.  Near  Brownstown,  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Michigan. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  first 
battle  of  Brownstown  ? 

A.  Major  Yan  Home  was 
defeated  by  a  force  of  British 
and  Indians ;  [August  5th.] 

Q.  State  the  result  of  the  second 
battle  of  Brownstown. 

A.  Colonel  Miller,  at  the 
head  of  a  detachment  of  Amer 
icans,  defeated  the  British  and 
Indians ;  [August  9th.] 

Q.  What  American  general  invaded 
Canada  ? 

A.  General  Hull,  who  sur 
rendered  in  a  cowardly  man 
ner  to  the  British,  at  Detroit ; 
[August  16th.] 

Q.  Who  made  the  second  attempt  to 
invade  Canada  ? 

A.  General  Yan  Rensselaer, 
who  was  defeated  by  the  ene 
my  at  Queenstown,  where  the 
British  commander,  General 
Brock,  was  killed ;  [October 
13th.] 

Where  situated  ? 


Principal  Seats  of 
the  War  of 

1812,  13,  14. 


Hampton's  Field  ?  Chambly  ? 


Detroit  ?    Brownstown  ?     Frenchtown  ? 


On  or  near  what  water  ? 

Plattsburg?        Baltimore?  Havre  de  Grace ?       Annapolis? 

Washington  ?  Alexandria  ?  Ft.  McHeiiry  ? 

Ft.  Maiden?  Yorktown  ?  Norfolk? 


Ft. Niagara?        Ft.  George?    Lewiston?  Queenstown? 
Lundy'sLane?    Chippewa?      Ft.  Erie  ?    Buffalo? 


Fort  Armstrong  ? 
New  Orleans  ? 


Fort  Minis  ? 
Pensacola  ? 


Fort  Stoddart  ? 
Mobile  ? 


WAR    WITH    GREAT    BRITAIN— 1 812. 


51 


THE  GUERRIERE. 

LESSON    LXXI. 
BATTLES  AND  CAPTURES  DURING  1812, 

AMERICAN  VICTORY. 
Second  battle  of   (Miller  over 


THE   CONSTITUTION. 


Brownstown,   ( British  and  Indians, ) 


American  Ships.  British  Ships. 

Constitution        i<*&™* 
(      the 

( captured 
I      the 


"Wasp 


Aug.  19. 
Oct.    18. 


United  States     j  ^^  j  Macedonian,  Oct.  25. 

Constitution 

In  these  four  naval  battles  the  British  lost  over  450 
men  ;  the  Americans  but  70.  On  the  ocean,  the  Amer 
icans  took  3000  prisoners  during  1812. 


BRITISH  VICTORIES. 

j  Surrendered  by 
(  the  Americans 

First  battle  of         ( British   and  Indians 
Brownstown,   (       over  Van  Home, 
j  Hull  surrendered       ) 
(  to  Brock,  ) 

( Brock  over  ) 

Queenstown,  f. 

(          \  an  Rensselaer, ) 


Fort  Mackinavr, 


Detroit, 


|  July  17. 
Aug.  5. 
Aug.  10. 
Oct.  13. 


OF   1812. 


LESSON    LXXI  I. 

What  declaration  of  war  was  made  in  1812  ? 

State  the  chief  cause  of  the  war. 

Who  was  President  during  the  second  war  with 
Great  Britain  ? 

What  position  did  Henry  Dearborn  hold  in  the 
American  army  ? 

What  was  the  first  surrender  in  1812  ? 

Where  were  the  first  two  battles  fought  ? 

Who  were  successful  at  the  first  battle  of  Browns- 
town  ? — At  the  second  battle  of  Brownstown  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  General  Hull  ? 

What  invasion  was  attempted  by  Van  Rensselaer  ? 

What  action  took  place  in  October  ? 

Who  commanded  the  British  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  General  Brock  ? 

Who  were  most  successful  on  land  ? 

What  victories  had  the  British  ? 

What  victory  had  the  Americans  on  land  ? 

Who  were  successful  on  the  ocean  ? 

In  what  naval  battles  were  the  Americans  successful  ? 

What  losses  did  the  British  sustain  in  the  naval  bat 
tles  this  year? 

What  American  vessel  gained  two  battles  this  year  ? 


MONTEITITS    HISTORY.    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


NIAGARA   RIVER,    LOOKING   TOWARD   LAKE   ONTARIO GENERAL   BROCK'S   MONUMENT 


LESSON    LXXIII. 

1313. — Q-  How  was  the  American  army  divided  in 
1813? 

A.  Into  tlireo  divisions, — the  Western, 
under  General  Harrison  ;  the  Central,  un 
der  General  Dearborn  ;  the  Northern,  un 
der  General  Hampton. 

Q.  Where  were  these  armies  located  ? 

A.  Harrison,  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake 
Erie ;  Dearborn,  between  Lakes  Erie  and 
Ontario ;  Hampton,  on  the  shore  of  Lake 
Champlam. 

Q.  What  was  the  first  engagement  in  1813  ? 

A.  General  "Winchester  and  a  body  of 
Americans  were  surprised  at  Frenchtown, 
by  the  British  and  Indians  under  General 
Proctor ;  [January  22d.] 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  engagement  ? 
A.    The    Americans    surrendered  ;    but 
many  were  murdered  by  the  Indians. 


Q.  What  city  in  Canada  was  taken  by  the  Ameri 
cans  ? 

A.  York,  now  Toronto,  after  a  severe 
engagement,  was  taken  by  General  Pike ; 
[April  27th.]  Pike  was  mortally  wounded. 

Q.  What  fort  was  besieged  by  Proctor  on  the  first 
of  May  ? 

A.  Eort  Meigs,  held  by  General  Harri 
son,  who  was  aided  by  General  Clay  and 
a  body  of  Kentuckians. 

Q.  Who  were  successful  at  Fort  Meigs  ? 

A.  The  Americans. 

Q.  What  fort  in  Canada  was  taken  by  the  Ameri 
cans  ? 

A.  Fort  George,  by  General  Dearborn  ; 
[May  27th. J 

Q.  By  whom  was  Sackett's  Harbor  attacked  in  May  ? 

A.  By  the  British,  under  Prevost,  but 
they  were  repulsed  by  the  Americans  un 
der  General  Brown ;  [May  29th.] 


WAR    WITH    OR  EAT    BRIT  A  I  X—  1  8  1  3. 


53 


LESSON    LXXIV. 

Q.   What  assault  was  made  by  Proctor,  in  August  ? 

A.  Proctor,  with  1000  British  and  In 
dians,  attacked  the  fort  at  Lower  Sandusky, 
but  was  repulsed  by  Major  Croghan,  at  the 
head  of  150  men  ;  [August  2ct.] 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  in  this  attack  ? 

A.  The  British  lost  150  ;  the  Americans 
but  1  killed,  and  7  wounded. 

Q.    Who    commanded    the    Indians   that  assisted 

Proctor  ? 

A.  The  Indian  chief,  Tecumseh. 

Q.  Where,  and  by  whom,  were  Proctor  and  Tecum 
seh  defeated  ? 

A.  At  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  by  the 
Americans  under  General  Harrison  ;  Proc 
tor  fled,  and  Tecumseh  was  slain,  [October 

5th.] 

Q,  Who  succeeded  General  Dearborn  in  command  ? 

A.  General  Wilkinson. 

Q.  What  defeat  did  the  Americans  sustain  at  Wil- 
liamsburg,  Canada  ? 

A.  General  Boyd,  with  a  body  of  Amer 
icans,  was  defeated  at  Williamsburg  by  the 
British  ;  [November  llth.] 

Q.  What  Indian  troubles  broke  out  in  Alabama,  in 
1813? 

A.  The  war  with  the  Creek  Indians, 
who  massacred  nearly  300  men,  women, 
and  children,  assembled  at  Fort  Mims. 

Q.  Who  were  sent  against  them  ? 

A.  The  Americans  under  Generals  Jack 
son,  Coffee,  and  Floyd ;  who,  after  severe 
conflicts,  completely  defeated  the  Indians. 


DEATH   OF  TECFMSEH. 

Q.  Where  was  Commodore  Perry's  victory  gained  ? 

A.  On  Lake  Erie,  off  Fort  Maiden ; 
[September  10th.] 

Q.  Of  what  did  the  squadrons  consist  ? 

A.  The  Americans  had  9  vessels,  cany- 
ing  54  guns ;  the  British  6  vessels,  with  63 
guns. 

Q.  What  notice  of  the  victory  did  Perry  send  to 
General  Harrison  ? 

A.  "  We  have  met  the  enemy,  and  they 
are  ours." 

Q.  What  American  commanded  the  Hornet,  at  the 
capture  of  the  Peacock 

A.  Captain  Lawrence,  who  afterward 
took  command  of  the  American  frigate 
Chesapeake. 

Q.  By  what  vessel  was  the  Chesapeake  captured  ? 
A.  By  the  British  ship  Shannon. 

Q.  What  was  the  fate  of  Captain  Lawrence  ? 

A.  He  fell,  during  the  action,  mortally 
wounded. 


54 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON    LXXY. 


BATTLES  AND  CAPTURES  DURING  1813, 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES  ON  LAND. 
Siege  of  York,          Pike  over  Sheaffe,          Apr.  27. 

(  Harrison  and  Clay     )    ., 

Fort  Meigs,  J-    May     5. 

(  over  Proctor, ) 

( Dearborn  over  )    . 

Fort  George,  j  Yincentj    May  2,. 

Sackett's  Harbor,     Brown  over  Prevost,      May  29. 
Lower  Saiidusky,    Croghan  over  Proctor,   Aug.    2. 

( Harrison  over  )     , 

The  Thames,  <  _      .     .  _  ,    >    Oct.     5. 


( Proctor  &  Tecumseh, 

NAVAL  VICTORIES. 

American  Vessels.  British  Vessels. 

( captured ) 

Hornet  >  Peacock,        Feb.  24. 

(      the      ) 

Enterprise'          |  ^^  |  Boxer,  Sept.    5. 

Perry's  fleet  captured     Barclay's,      Sept.  10. 


Frenchtown, 
Williamsburg, 


BRITISH  VICTORIES  ON  LAND. 

Proctor  over 

Winchester, 
Morrison  over  Boyd,      Nov.  11. 


Jan.    22. 


NAVAL  VICTORIES. 

British  Vessels.  American  Vessels. 

( captured )    _ 

Shannon  •(  >  Chesapeake.  June   1. 

(      the      ) 

Aug.    14. 


Pelican 


REVIEW  OF   1813. 

LESSON   LXXVI. 

Who  were  the  commanders  of  the  three  divisions  of 
the  American  army  ? 

Who  succeeded  General  Dearborn  ? 

What  was  the  first  engagement  in  1813  ? 

What  was  the  result  ? 

Where  was  the  first  battle  fought  by  General  Harri- 
;  son  this  year  ? 


Who  assisted  Harrison  at  Fort  Meigs? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  ? 

Who  commanded  the  British  in  this  siege  ? 

By  whom  was  York  taken  ? 

What  fort  in  Canada  was  taken  by  General  Dear 
born  ? 

Who  were  the  commanders  at  the  attack  on  Sackett's 
Harbor  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  ? 

Describe  the  attack  on  Lower  Sandusky. 

Describe  the  battle  of  the  Thames. 

Where  did  the  war  break  out  with  the  Creek  Indians  ? 

By  whom  were  the  Creeks  defeated  ? 

How  many  naval  victories  had  the  Americans  during 
.  1813  ?— The  British  ? 

How  many  victories  on  land  had  the  Americans  ? — 
The  British  ? 

What  victory  was  gained  by  Captain  Lawrence  ? 

In  what  engagement  was  he  mortally  wounded  ? 


LESSON    L  XX  VI  I. 

1814. —  Q-  What  fort  in  Canada  was  surrendered  by 
the  British  ? 

A.  Fort  Erie  was  surrendered  to  Gen 
erals  Scott  and  Ripley,  [July  3d.] 

Q.  What  was  the  first  battle  in  1814  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Chippewa,  in  which 
the  British  were  defeated  with  a  loss  of 
500  men.  The  Americans  lost  330  ;  [July 
5th.] 

Q.  Who  were  the  commanders  ? 

A.  General  Riall  of  the  British,  and 
General  Brown  of  the  Americans. 

Q.  By  whom  was  General  Brown  assisted  ? 

A.  Generals  Scott  and  Ripley. 

Q.  What  battle  followed  the  victory  at  Chippewa  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane,  the 
severest  contest  during  the  year ;  [July 
25th.] 


WAR    WITH    GREAT    BRIT  AIN— 1  8  1  4. 


55 


Q.  Who  were  the  commanders  at  the  battle  of 
Lundy's  Lane  ? 

A.  General  Brown  of  the  Americans, 
and  General  Dnunmond  of  the  British. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Lundy's 
Lane  ? 

A.  The  Americans  were  victorious.  The 
loss  on  each  side  was  over  800. 

Q.  What  American  generals  were  wounded  ? 

A.  Brown  and  Scott. 

Q.  Where  did  the  Americans  retire  after  the  battle  ? 

A.  To  Fort  Erie,  where  they  were  for 
seven  weeks  besieged  by  the  British  under 
Drummond.  The  British  were  finally  re 
pulsed  with  a  loss  of  1000  men ;  [Septem 
ber  17th.] 

Q.  Who  successively  commanded  the  Americans 
during  the  siege  of  Fort  Erie  ? 

A.  Generals  Ripley,  Gaines,  and  Brown. 


LESSON    LXXVIII. 

Q.  What  town  on  Lake  Cham  plain  was  attacked  by 
the  British  ? 

A.  Plattsburg,  held  by  the  Americans 
under  General  Macomb ;  [September  llth.] 

Q,  What  was  the  plan  of  attack  ? 

A.  The  British,  under  General  Prevost, 
attacked  Plattsburg,  while  the  British 
fleet,  under  Commodore  Downie,  engaged 
the  American  fleet,  under  Commodore 
McDonough,  in  the  harbor. 

Q.  Who  were  successful  at  Plattsburg  ? 

A.  The  Americans  were  successful ; 
Prevost  being  repulsed,  and  Downie  en 
tirely  defeated. 


Q.  By  whom  was  the  city  of  Washington  taken  ? 

A.  By  a  British  force  under  General 
Ross ;  [August  24th.] 

Q.  What  damage  was  done  to  the  city  by  the  Brit 
ish  ? 

A.  They  burned  the  Capitol,  the  Presi 
dent's  house,  and  many  other  buildings ; 
immediately  after  which  they  retreated  to 
their  fleet. 

Q.  At  what  place  were  the  British  opposed  before 
entering  the  city  ? 

A.  At  Bladensburg ;  but  the  Americans 
were  defeated ;  [August  24th.] 

Q.  What  city  near  Washington  was  also  taken  by 
the  enemy  ? 

A.  Alexandria ;  [August  29th.] 

Q.  What  city  did  the  British  next  attempt  to  enter  ? 

A.  Baltimore. 

Q.  What  battle  was  fought  on  their  approach  to 
Baltimore  ? 

A.  At  North  Point,  where  they  were 
opposed  by  General  Strieker.  The  Amer 
icans  were  forced  to  retreat,  [September 
12th.]  Ross,  the  British  officer,  was  killed. 

Q.  What  fort  commanded  the  entrance  to  Balti 
more  ? 

A.  Fort  Mc- 
Henry,  which 
was  bombarded 
by  the  British, 
[Septemberl3,] 
but  being  un 
successful,  they 
withdrew  on  the 
following  day. 


56 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


BATTLE  OF  NEW   ORLEANS. 


LESSON   LXXIX. 

1815.— #.  What  was  the  last  land  battle  of  the  war  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  New  Orleans,  [January 

8th,  1815.] 

Q.  Who  were  the  commanders  in  the  battle  of  New- 
Orleans  ? 

A.  General  Jackson  of  the  Americans, 
and  General  Packenham  of  the  British. 

Q.  How  large  was  each  army  in  this  battle  ? 

A.  The  Americans  6000;  the  British 
12,000. 

Q.  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  New  Or 
leans  ? 

A.  The  British  were  defeated,  with  the 
loss  of  about  2600  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners ;  the  Americans  lost  but  7  killed 
and  7  wounded.  Packenham  was  among 
the  killed. 

Q.  What  treaty  terminated  the  war  ? 

A.  The  treaty  of  Ghent,  which  was 
signed  December  24-th,  1814. 


Q.  When  was  it  ratified  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States  ? 

A.  February  17th,  1815. 

Q.  How  long  had  the  war  continued  ? 

A.  Two  years  and  eight  months. 


LESSON    LXIX. 


BATTLES  AND  CAPTURES  DURING  1814. 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES  ON  LAND. 

( surrendered  to  )  _  .        0 

•<  >  July     3. 

(       Scott  and  Ripley, ) 

Brown  over  Riall,  July     5. 

( Brown  over  )  T  .     0_ 

•e  ,  >  July  25. 

(  Drummond, ) 


Port  Brie, 
Chippewa, 
Lundy's  Lane 


Fort  Erie, 
Plattsburg, 
Fort  McHenry, 


(Brown  over 

\  Drummond 


Maeomb  over  Prevost,  Sept.  11. 

C  Armfetead  over 

I  Cochrane, 


i    Sept.  17. 
efc, 
I    Sept.  14. 


WAR    WITH    GREAT    BRIT AIN— 1  8  1  5. 


NAVAL  VICTORIES. 

American  Ships.  British  Sldps. 

captured 
the 


Peacock 


Wasp 


Epervier.      Apr.  29. 
|  Cai^ered  |  Reindeer,     June  28. 


Macdoiiough's    )  ,   (Dowiiie's  ) 

!  °aptUred  I  fleet, 


fleet 


BRITISH  VICTORIES  ON  LAND. 

Bladensburg,  Ross  over  Winder,          Aug.  24. 

North  Point,  Brooke  over  Strieker,     Sept.  12. 


British  Ships. 

Phebe  and  (  captured  ) 

Cherub  I      the      f 


Orpheus 


merican  Ships. 


Mar'  28' 


BATTLES  DURING  1815, 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 


New  Orleans, 


Jackson  over 


Packenham 


Jan.     8. 


American  Ships.  British  Ships. 

(captured)  Cyane  and)  ^ 

Constitution        -J  J-  Feb.   20. 

(      the      }       Levant,  ) 

\  Penguin,       Mar.  23. 


Hornet 


REVIEW   OF    1814-15. 


LESSON    LXXXI. 

What  was  the  first  capture  in  1814  ? 

What  two  battles  occurred  in  July,  1814  ? 

Who  were  the  commanders  ? 

What  siege  followed  the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  ? 

Describe  the  siege  of  Fort  Erie. 

By  whom  was  Plattsburg  attacked  in  September, 
1814? 

Who  commanded  the  Americans  in  the  town  ? 

Who  commanded  the  American  squadron  in  the 
harbor  ? 


Describe  the  battle  of  Plattsburg. 

What  was  done  by  the  British  in  Washington,  Au 
gust  24th,  1814  ? 

What  success  had  the  British  at  Alexandria  ?  At 
Baltimore  ?  At  Fort  McHenry  ? 

When  and  where  was  the  treaty  of  peace  signed  ? 

Who  were  the  commanders  iir  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans  ? 

Describe  the  battle. 

What  two  naval  battles  were  fought  after  the  battle 
of  New  Orleans  ? 

How  many  land  victories  had  the  British  during 
1814  and  1815? 

How  many  land  victories  had  the  Americans  ? 

How  many  naval  victories  had  the  British  ? 

How  many  naval  .victories  had  the  Americans  ? 


LESSON    LXXXII. 

Q.  How  many  years  elapsed  between  the  close  of  the 
second  war  with  England  and  the  Mexican  war  ? 

A.  Thirty-one  years. 

Q.  During  this  period,  in  what  wars  was  this  coun 
try  engaged  ? 

A.  War  with  Algiers  in  1815  ;  the  Sern- 
inole  war  in  1817 ;  and  the  Florida  war  in 
1835. 

Q.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  war  with  Algiers  ? 
A.  Piracies  were  committed  by  that  gov 
ernment  upon  American  vessels. 

Q.  Who  was  sent  from  the  United  States  against 
Algiers  ? 

A.  Commodore  Decatnr,  who  forced 
Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  to  terms  of 
peace. 

Q.  Who  was  sent  against  the  Seminoles  in  1817.? 

A.  General  Jackson,  who  defeated  the 
Indians,  and  hung  two  men  for  inciting 
the  Indians  against  the  Americans. 


8 


58 


MONTEITII'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON   LXXIIII. 


THE  MEXICAN  WAR, 

Q.  When  did  Texas  become  free 
from  Mexico  ? 

A.  Iii  1836. 

Q.  What  form  of  government  did 
Texas  adopt  ? 

A.  Texas  became  a  re 
public. 

Q.  When  was  Texas  annexed  to 
the  United  States  ? 

A.  In  1845. 

Q.    What  caused  the  Mexican 

war  ? 

A.  The  annexation  of 
Texas,  and  the  claim  of  a 
certain  tract  of  land  by 
both  the  United  States  and 
Mexico. 

Q.  Where  is  that  tract  of  land 
situated  ? 

A.  In  Texas,  between  the 
deuces  River  and  the  Rio 
Grande. 

Q.  Who  was  President  of  the 
United  States  during  the  Mexican 
war  ? 

A.  James  K.  Polk. 

1846.— £•  Who  was  sent  by  the 
President  to  the  Rio  Grande  ? 

A.  General  Zachaiy  Tay 
lor,  who  erected  Ft.  Brown 
opposite  Matamoras. 

Q.  Who  took  command  of  the 
Mexican  forces  ? 

A.  General  Arista. 


Where  situated  f     On  or  near  what  water  * 

Corpus  Christi  ?  Matamoras  ?  San  Luis  Potosi  ?  Jalapa  ? 

Point  Isabel  ?  Camargo  ?  Tampico  ?  Perote  ? 

Palo  Alto  ?  Monterey  ?  Tera  Cruz  ?  La  Puebla  ? 

Resaca  de  la  Palma  ?      Buena  Yista  ?  Cerro  Gordo  ?  Mexico  ? 


AVAR    WITH    MEXICO. 


59 


A    97EW   OF   THE   CITT   OF   MEXICO. 


LESSON    L  XX  XIV. 

Q.  What  was  the  commencement  of  hostilities  ? 

A.  Captain  Thornton's  party  was  at 
tacked  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande 
by  a  superior  body  of  Mexicans,  and  sev 
eral  Americans  were  killed ;  [April  24th.] 

Q.  What  was  the  first  battle  in  the  Mexican  war  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Palo  Alto,  in  which 
General  Taylor,  with  2300  Americans,  de 
feated  6000  Mexicans  under  General  Arista ; 
[May  8th.] 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  on  both  sides  ? 

A.  The  Mexicans  lost  about  400  killed 
and  wonnded ;  the  Americans  but  40. 
Among  the  killed  was  Major  Ringgold. 

Q.  What  battle  was  fought  by  the  same  armies,  the 
following  day  ? 


A.  The  battle  of  Resaca  de  la  Palina, 
when  the  Mexicans  were  defeated,  and  fled 
to  Matamoras ;  [May  9th.] 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  in  this  battle  ? 

A.  The  Mexicans  500 ;  the  Americans  50. 

Q.  What  American  colonel  distinguished  himself  in 
this  battle  ? 

A.  Colonel  May  ;  who  took  General  La 
Vega  prisoner  as  he  was  applying  the 
match  to  one  of  his  own  guns. 

Q.  After  the  battle  of  Kesaca  de  la  Palma,  where 
did  General  Taylor  go  ? 

A.  To  Fort  Brown,  thence  across  the 
Rio  Grande  to  Matamoras,  of  which  he 
took  possession,  [May  18th.] 

Q.  By  whom  was  California  taken  ? 

A.  By  Captain  Fremont,  and  Commo 
dores  Sloat  and  Stockton. 


60 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 


A   VIEW   OF   MONTERKy. 


LESSON    LXXXY. 


Q.  What  city  did  Taylor  attack  after  taking  pos 
session  of  Matamoras  ? 

A.  Monterey,  which  he  captured  after  a 
severe  engagement  of  three  days ;  [Sep 
tember  24th.] 

Q.  Who  were  the  commanders  in  the  battle  of 
Monterey  ? 

A.  General  Taylor  of  the  Americans, 
and  General  Arapudia  of  the  Mexicans. 

Q.  What  was  the  size  of  the  armies  at  the  battle  of 
Monterey  ? 

A.  Ten  thousand  Mexicans,  and  6000 
Americans. 

Q.  Who  were  sent  against  Santa  Fe  and  Chihua 
hua  ? 

A.  General  Kearney,  who  took  New- 
Mexico,  and  Colonel  Doniphan,  who  took 


possession  of  Chihuahua,  after  two  success 
ful  battles  during  his  march. 

Q.  What  battles  were  won  by  Colonel  Doniphan  ? 

A.  The  battle  of  Bracito,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Rio  Grande,  [December  22d, 
1846,]  and  of  Sacramento,  near  the  Rio 
Grande,  [February  28th,  1847.] 

1847.—$-  Who  took  command  of  the  Mexican 
forces  in  1847  ? 

A.  General  Santa  Anna,  the  President 
of  Mexico. 

Q.  Where  did  Taylor  meet  Santa  Anna  ? 

A.  At  Buena  Yista,  where  Taylor,  with 
5000  Americans,  defeated  Santa  Anna  at 
the  head  of  20,000  Mexicans  ;  [Feb.  23d.] 

Q.  What  was  the  loss  in  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista? 

A.  The  Americans  lost  TOO ;  the  Mexi 
cans  2000. 


WAR    WITH    MEXICO. 


61 


BOMBARDMENT   OF   VERA   CRUZ  AND   CASTLE. 


LESSON    LXXXVI. 

• 

Q.  Who  took  command  of  the  American  army  in 
1847? 

A.  General  Winfield  Scott. 

Q.  What  city  did  Scott  first  attack  ? 

A.  Yera  Cruz,  which  was  defended  by 
the  castle  of  San  Juan  d'Ulloa. 

Q.  How  long  did  the  siege  continue  ? 

A.  Fifteen  days,  when  the  city  and  cas 
tle  surrendered  to  General  Scott ;  [March 
27th.] 

Q.  After  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz,  what  city  did 
Scott  march  against  ? 

A.  Mexico,  the  capital. 


Q.  At  what  places  were  the  Americans  opposed  ? 

A.  Cerro  Gordo,  [April  18th;]  Contre- 
ras  and  Cherubusco,  [August  20th ;]  Mo- 
lino  del  Key  and  Casa  Mata,  [September 
8th ;]  Chapultepec,  [September  13th.] 

Q.  Who  were  victorious  in  these  battles  ? 

A.  The  Americans  gained  every  battle. 

Q.  Which  army  was  the  larger  in  "all  of  these  battles  ? 

A.  The  Mexican  army. 

Q.  When  did  General  Scott  and  his  army  enter  the 
city  of  Mexico  ? 

A.  September  14th,  1847. 

Q.  When  was  peace  concluded  ? 

A.  February  2d,  1848. 


62 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


REVIEW 

OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


VICINITY   OF   SAN    FRANCISCO. 

LESSONJ^IXXVII. 

BATTLES  WRIXG  1846. 

AMERICAN  VICTORIES. 
Palo  Alto,  Taylor  over  Arista, 

Resaca  de  la  ) 

-«  -,         f  Taylor  over  Arista, 
Palma,  $ 

Monterey,  Taylor  over  Ampudia, 

Bracito,  Doniphan, 


May     8. 

May     9. 

Sept.  24. 
Dec.    22. 


Buena  Vista, 

Sacramento, 
Vera  Cruz, 
Cerro  Gordo 
Contreras, 
Cherubusco, 


BATTLES  WRING  1847. 

(  Taylor  over 
(  Santa  Anna 

( Doniphan  over  ) 

(  Hereedia, ) 

Scott  over  Landero, 
( Scott  over  ) 

(  Santa  Anna, ) 

Scott  over  Valencia, 
( Scott  over  ) 

i  Santa  Anna,  f 

Molino  del  Rey       (  Scott  over 

and  Casa  Mata,    f  Santa  Anna, 

_,,         ,^  ( Scott  over  ) 

Chapultepec, 

(  Santa  Anna, ) 


Feb.   23. 

Feb.  28. 
Mar.  27. 
April  18. 
Aug.  20. 
Aug.  20. 

Sept.  8. 
Sept.  13. 


LESSON    LXXXVIII. 

State  the  cause  of  the  war. 

When  was  Texas  annexed  to  the  United  States  ? 

During  whose  administration  was  this  war  carried  on? 

Who  commanded  the  two  armies  at  the  commence 
ment  of  the  war  ? 

What  action  commenced  the  war  ? 

What  the  first  battle? 

Who  were  the  commanders  in  the  battle  of  Palo 
Alto  ? 

What  was  the  size  of  each  army  ? 

What  was  the  loss  in  this  battle  ? 

What  was  the  fate  of  Major  Punggold  ? 

Give  an  account  of  the  second  battle  ? 

When  did  the  first  two  battles  take  place  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  Colonel  May  ? 

When  did  General  Taylor  enter  Matamoras  ? 

What  conquest  was  made  by  Fremont,  Sloat,  and 
Stockton  ? 

What  battle  followed  that  of  Resaca  de  la  Palma  ? 

Who  were  the  commanders  in  the  battle  of  Monterey  ? 

State  the  size  of  the  armies  in  this  battle  ? 

How  long  did  the  engagement  last  ? 

Who  took  possession  of  New  Mexico  ? 

What  two  battles  were  won  by  Colonel  Doniphan  ? 

What  battle  was  fought  in  February,  1847  ? 

Who  were  the  commanders  at  Buena  Vista  ? 

What  was  the  size  of  the  armies  ? 

Who  were  successful  in  this  battle? 

State  the  loss  on  each  side. 

Who  took  command  of  the  Americans  in  1847  ? 

What  city  did  Scott  first  besiege  ? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  siege  ? 

What  battles  followed  the  surrender  of  Vera  Cruz  ? 

Which  two  wero  fought  August  20th  ? 

Which  two  were  fought  September  8th  ? 

When  were  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo  and  Chapul 
tepec  fought  ? 

What  occurred  on  the  14th  of  September,  1847  ? 

What  occurred  on  the  2d  of  February,  1848  ? 


IMPORTANT    EXPEDITIONS. 


63 


DR.  KANE  IN  WINTER  QUARTERS. — ARCTIC  FOXES  AND  OWLS. — WHITE  BEARS. 


LESSON    LXXXIX. 

Q.  What  exploring  expedition  left  Great  Britain  in 
1845? 

A.  Sir  John  Franklin,  with  two  vessels 
and  about  two  hundred  and  forty  men,  in 
search  of  a  northwest  passage  to  the  Indies. 

Q.  Did  Franklin  or  his  party  ever  return  ? 

A.  They  did  not. 

Q.  What  American  sent  vessels  in  search  of  Franklin  ? 

A.  Henry  Grinnell,  who  sent  two  ves 
sels,  in  1850,  under  Lieutenant  De  Haven, 
accompanied  by  Dr.  Kane.  The  vessels 
returned  the  following  year  without  tidings 
of  the  missing  party. 

Q.  What  other  expedition  was  sent  from  the  United 
States  in  search  of  them  ? 

A.  Henry  Grinnell,  in  conjunction  with 
the  U.  S.  government,  sent  out  the  ship 
Advance,  commanded  by  Dr.  Kane,  1853. 

Q.  What  was  accomplished  by  Dr.  Kane  ? 

A.  He  reached  a  point  on  the  coast  of 
Greenland  further  north  than  any  heretofore 
seen,  passed  two  winters  in  the  Arctic  Re 
gions,  and  returned,  unsuccessful,  in  1855. 


Q.  Where  and  when  did  Dr.  Kane  die  ? 

A.  In  Havana,  1857. 

Q.  By  whom  was  Cuba  invaded  in  1850? 

A.  By  General  Lopez,  who  sailed  from 
New  Orleans  with  about  600  men,  to 
assist  in  a  Revolution  in  the  island. 

Q.  When  did  Lopez  make  the  second  attempt  ? 

A.  Lopez  and  about  500  men  made  a 
similar  attempt  the  following  year.  He 
and  many  of  his  followers  were  captured 
and  put  to  death. 

Q.  Who  invaded  Nicaragua  in  1855  ? 

A.  General  William  Walker,  from  Cal 
ifornia  ;  and,  after  several  battles,  took 
possession  of  the  country. 

Q.  How  long  did  he  hold  Nicaragua  ? 

A.  Nearly  two  years,  when  the  Nicar- 
aguans  were  joined  by  troops  from  the 
adjoining  State,  Costa  Rica,  and  Walker 
was  compelled  to  leave  the  country. 

Q.  In  what  two  Territories  of  the  United  States  did 
civil  war  threaten  ? 

A.  In  Kansas  and  Utah,  in  consequence 
of  which,  U.  S.  troops  were  sent  there. 


64 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


CALIFOBNIA. 


LESSON    XC. 

Q.  From  what  experiments  did  the  idea  of  estab 
lishing  the  telegraph  originate  ? 

A.  Franklin's  experiments  with  an  elec 
tric  wire  across  the  Sclmylkill  River,  in 
1748. 

Q.  By  whom  was  the  magnetic  telegraph  invented  ? 

A.  By  Professor  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse, 
in  1832. 

Q.  Where  did  he  construct  the  first  telegraph  ? 

A.  Between  Baltimore  and  Washington. 

Q.  When  was  the  Atlantic  cable  laid  ? 

A.  In  August  of  1858. 

Q.  Who  superintended  the  laying  of  the  cable  ? 

A.  Cyrus  TV.  Field,  to  whose  noble  ef 
forts  the  success  of  the  enterprise  is  chiefly 
due. 

Q.  In  what  part  of  the  ocean  was  the  cable  first  laid  ? 

A.  In  mid-ocean,  when  the  British  ship 
Agamemnon  sailed  east  to  Ireland,  and  the 
American  ship  Niagara  west  to  Newfound 
land,  laying  the  cable  as  they  sailed. 


Q.  Where  is  the  cable  attached  to  the  land-lines? 

A.  The  west  end  is  attached  at  Trinity 
Bay,  on  the  southeast  coast  of  Newfound 
land  ;  the  east  end,  at  Yalentia  Bay,  on 
the  southwest  coast  of  Ireland. 


OVERLAND  TELEGRAPHS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


COUNTRIES. 


MILES  OF 
LINES. 

United  States 20.000 

5,000 
2,000 
11,000 

9,800 
G,700 
0.000 
5.000 


British  Provinces 

Other  parts  of  America 

Central  and  Northern  Europe . 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland. . . . 

France  

Russia .' 

India 

Southern  Europe 3,700 

Belgium  and  Holland 950 

Australia 700 

Africa  . .  350 


CAPITAL 
INVESTED. 

$8,000.000 

1,500.000 

400.000 

7,000.000 

8,500,000 

6,000.000 

3,000.000 

2.500.000 

2,000.000 

250.000 

400.000 

100.000 


Total, 


77,200   $39,650,000 


SUBMARINE  TELEGRAPHS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


COUNTRIES   CONNECTED. 

America  and  Europe, 
Balaclava  and  Varna, 
Malta  and  Corfu, 
Varna  and  Constan'ple, 
England  and  Holland, 
Sardinia  and  Africa, 
Spczzia  and  Corsica, 
C.  Bret.Isl.&Newfdl'd, 
England  and  Belgium, 
England  and  Ireland, 
Denmark  and  Sweden, 
Ireland  and  Scotland, 
England  and  France, 
Holland,  across  the 
Pr.Edw'd'sIs.&N.Br., 
Corsica  and  Sardinia, 


WATERS  UNDERLAID. 

Atlantic  Ocean, 
Black  Sea, 
Mediterranean, 
Black  Sea, 
North  Sea, 
Mediterranean, 
Mediterranean, 
Gf.ofSt.Lawr'ce, 
North  Sea, 
Irish  Sea, 
Belts  and  Sound, 
North  Channel, 
English  Channel, 
Zuyder  Zee, 
Gf.ofSt.Lawr'ce, 
Mediterranean, 


Milts 
Cable. 

1900, 

340, 

320, 

150, 

135, 

130, 

80, 

78, 

70, 

62, 

54, 

26, 

25, 

20, 

12, 

9, 


When 
1858 

1855 
1858 
1855 
1854 
1857 
1854 
1856 
1853 
1852 
1853 
1853 
1851 
1854 
185G 
1854 


Total  River  and  Bay  crossings 200 

Total  . ,  .   3611 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE, 


IN  CONGRKSS,  July  4,  1776. 

The  Unanimous   Declaration   of  the  Thirteen   United  States 
of  America. 

WHEN,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes 
necessary  for  one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands 
which  have  connected  them  with  another,  and  to  as 
sume,  among  the  powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate 
and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  Nature  and  of 
Nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the 
opinions  of  mankind  requires  that  they  should  declare 
the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident ; — that  all 
men  are  created  equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their 
Creator  with  certain  imalienable  rights  ;  that  among 
these  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness. 
I  That  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are  instituted 
I  among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  con 
sent  of  the  governed  ;  that  whenever  any  form  of 
government  becomes  destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is 
the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  to  abolish  it,  and  to 
institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  foundation  on 
such  principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form, 
as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety 
and  happiness.  Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate,  that 
governments  long  established  should  not  be  changed 
for  light  and  transient  causes  ;  and  accordingly  all  ex 
perience  hath  shown,  that  mankind  are  more  disposed 
to  suffer  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  them 
selves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accus 
tomed.  But  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpa 
tions,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a 
design  to  reduce  them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is 
their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off  such  govern 
ment,  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future  se 
curity.  Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these 
colonies  ;  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which  con 
strains  them  to  alter  their  former  systems  of  govern 
ment.  The  history  of  the  present  King  of  Great  Britain 
is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all 
having  in  direct  object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute 


tyranny  over  these  states.  To  prove  this,  let  facts  be 
submitted  to  a  candid  world. 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome 
and  necessary  for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  im 
mediate  and  pressing  importance,  unless  suspended  in 
their  operation,  till  his  assent  should  be  obtained  ;  and 
when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected  to  attend 
to  them.  He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the 
accommodation  of  large  districts  of  people,  unless  those 
people  would  relinquish  the  right  of  representation  in 
the  legislature — a  right  inestimable  to  them,  and  for 
midable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places 
unusual,  uncomfortable,  and  distant  from  the  reposi 
tory  of  their  public  records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly, 
for  opposing,  with  manly  firmness,  his  invasions  on 
the  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  disso 
lutions,  to  cause  others  to  be  elected  ;  whereby  the 
legislative  powers,  incapable  of  annihilation,  have  re 
turned  to  the  people  at  large,  for  their  exercise  ;  the 
state  remaining,  in  the  mean  time,  exposed  to  all  the 
dangers  of  invasion  from  without,  and  convulsions 
within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these 
states  ;  for  that  purpose  obstructing  the  laws  for  nat 
uralization  of  foreigners  ;  refusing  to  pass  others  to 
encourage  their  migration  hither,  and  raising  the  con 
ditions  of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by 
refusing  his  assent  to  laws  for  establishing  judiciary 
powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone,  for 
the  tenure  of  their  offices  and  the  amount  and  payment 
of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent 
hither  swarms  of  officers,  to  harass  our  people,  and  eat 
out  their  substance. 


66 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  standing 
armies  without  the  consent  of  our  legislatures. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent 
of,  and  superior  to,  the  civil  power. 

He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a  juris 
diction  foreign  to  our  constitution,  and  unacknowledged 
by  our  laws ;  giving  his  assent  to  their  acts  of  pretended 
legislation  : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us : 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punish 
ment  for  any  murders  which  they  should  commit  on 
the  inhabitants  of  these  states  : 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world  : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent : 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of 
trial  by  jury  : 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas,  to  be  tried  for  pre 
tended  offenses : 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a 
neighboring  province,  establishing  therein  an  arbitrary 
government,  and  enlarging  its  boundaries,  so  as  to  ren 
der  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  intro 
ducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  colonies  : 

For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most 
valuable  laws,  and  altering,  fundamentally,  the  forms 
of  our  governments  : 

For  suspending  our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring 
themselves  invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  iu 
all  cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring  us 
out  of  his  protection,  and  waging  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt 
our  towns,  and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is  at  this  time  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign 
mercenaries  to  complete  the  works  of  death,  desola 
tion,  and  tyranny,  already  begun  with  circumstances 
of  cruelty  and  perfidy,  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most 
barbarous  ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a 
civilized  nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive 
on  the  high  seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to 
become  the  executioners  of  their  friends  and  brethren, 
or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  hands. 


He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  among  us,  and 
has  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our 
frontiers  the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose  known 
rule  of  warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all 
ages,  sexes,  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  peti 
tioned  for  redress  in  the  most  humble  terms  :  our  re 
peated  petitions  have  been  answered  only  by  repeated 
injury.  A  prince,  whose  character  is  thus  marked  by 
every  act  which  may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the 
ruler  of  a  free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attentions  to  our  Brit 
ish  brethren.  We  have  warned  them,  from  time  to 
time,  of  attempts  by  their  legislature  to  extend  an  un 
warrantable  jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded 
them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  migration  and  settle 
ment  here.  We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice 
and  magnanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them  by  the 
ties  of  our  common  kindred  to  disavow  these  usurpa 
tions,  which  would  inevitably  interrupt  our  connec 
tions  and  correspondence.  They  too  have  been  deaf  to 
the  voice  of  justice  and  of  consanguinity.  We  must, 
therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  necessity  which  denounces 
our  separation,  and  hold  them,  as  we  hold  the  rest  of 
mankind — enemies  in  war,  in  peace  friends. 

WE,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  in  general  congress  assembled,  ap 
pealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  world  for  the 
rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  name  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  good  people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly 
publish  and  declare,  that  these  united  colonies  are.  and 
of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and  independent  states  ; 
that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  Brit 
ish  crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  between 
them  and  the  state  of  Great  Britain  is.  and  ought  to  be, 
totally  dissolved  ;  and  that,  as  free  and  independent 
states,  they  have  full  power  to  levy  Avar,  conclude 
peace,  contract  alliances,  establish  commerce,  and  to 
do  all  other  acts  and  things  which  independent  states 
may  of  right  do.  And  for  the  support  of  this  declara 
tion,  with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protection  of  Divine 
Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each  other  our  lives, 
our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 


OREGON. 


MINNESOTA. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES 


OF 


PERSONS   PROMINENTLY   CONNECTED   WITH   AMERICAN   HISTORY. 


ADAMS,  SAMUEL,  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
distinguished  of  American  patriots,  was  born  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1722.  He  was  among  the  fore 
most  to  resist  the  oppression  of  Great  Britain,  and 
was  proscribed  by  that  government  for  the  promi 
nent  part  which  lie  took  in  opposing  its  measures. 
He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  first  Congress,  un 
der  the  confederation,  in  1774;  signed  the  Declara- 
ration  of  Independence  in  1776 ;  and  Avas  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1794.  He  died  Octo 
ber  3,  1803,  universally  esteemed  as  having,  by  his 
powerful  efforts  in  behalf  of  liberty,  been  one  of 
those  to  Avhom  AVC  OAve  its  possession. 

ADAMS,  Jonx,  the  second  President  of  the  Uni 
ted  States,  Avas  born  at  Braintree,  Mass.,  in  1735. 
He  studied  law,  at  the  same  time  teaching  Latin  and 
Greek  to  enable  him  to  prosecute  his  studies.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  against  the  British  encroach 
ments  ;  Avas  elected  to  the  first  Congress,  and,  in 
1770,  Avas  appointed  to  the  committee  Avhich  report 
ed  the  Declaration.  He  Avas  chosen  Commissioner  to 


the  Court  of  Versailles  in  1777,  and,  after  his  return, 
Avas  sent  to  Great  Britain  for  the  purpose  of  nego 
tiating  a  peace  and  treaty  of  commerce.  He  Avas  the 
first  minister  to  England  in  1785.  He  was  chosen 
Vice-president  under  Washington,  and  continued 
in  that  office  during  eight  years,  Avhen  he  Avas 
elected  President,  lie  died  July  4th,  1820. 

ADAMS,  Jonx  QUINCY,  son  of  John,  and  sixth 
President  of  the  United  States,  AATas  born  at  Quincy, 
Massachusetts,  in  1707.  He  was  appointed  by 
Washington  minister  to  the  Netherlands,  and  after 
ward  to  Holland,  England,  and  Prussia.  He  Avas  a 
Senator  in  Congress,  and  afterward  minister  to 
Russia  under  Madison.  He  Avas  one  of  the  Com 
missioners  to  Ghent,  in  1814,  to  negotiate  a  peace 
Avith  Great  Britain,  and,  after  the  signing  of  that 
treaty,  Avas  sent  to  the  Court  of  St.  James  to  nego 
tiate  a  commercial  treaty  with  that  government. 
In  1817  he  Avas  made  Secretary  of  State  by  Presi 
dent  Monroe,  and  continued  in  office  until  1825, 
when  he  Avas  chosen  President.  He  held  that  office 


68 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


for  one  term,  was  afterward  elected  to  Congress, 
and  died  in  Washington  in  1848.  He  left  a  number 
of  State  papers  and  unpublished  works. 

ALLEN,  ETHAN,  a  brigadier-general  in  the  Rev 
olutionary  army,  was  born  at  Salisbury,  Conn.,  in 
1743,  but  was  educated  in  Vermont.  He  was  rioted 
for  his  early  and  active  efforts  in  behalf  of  liberty; 
and  in  1775,  soon  after  the  battle  of  Lexington, 
succeeded  in  capturing  the  fortresses  of  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point.  During  that  year  he  was  taken 
captive,  in  an  attempt  to  conquer  Montreal,  sent  to 
England,  and  there  imprisoned.  In  1778  he  was 
exchanged  for  Colonel  Campbell,  and,  shortly  after 
ward,  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  State 
militia  of  Vermont.  He  died  in  1789. 

AMES,  FISTIER,  one  of  the  most  eminent  Ameri 
can  statesmen,  was  born  at  Dedhani,  Mass.,  in  1758. 
He  was  chiefly  noted  for  his  writings,  mostly  on 
political  subjects  relating  to  the  Revolution.  He 
was  a  member  of  Congress  during  the  whole  of 
"Washington's  administration,  distinguishing  himself 
by  his  patriotism  and  eloquence.  In  1804  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Harvard  College,  but  declined 
the  honor.  He  died  July  4th,  1808. 

AMHERST,  JEFFREY,  Lord,  an  English  general 
of  celebrity,  was  born  in  1727.  He  served  in  the 
English  army  on  the  Continent,  and  afterward  ob 
tained  renown  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  in  1758. 
He  was  made  governor  of  Virginia,  and  command- 
er-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  America.  Niagara, 
Ticonderoga,  Montreal,  and  Quebec  were  taken  by 
him,  and  he  finally  obtained  the  submission  of  all 
Canada.  His  great  services  were  rewarded  by 
England  as  they  deserved,  and  he  was  at  length 
raised  to  the  rank  of  field-marshal.  He  died  in  1797. 

ANDR6,  JOHN,  a  major  in  the  British  army,  was 
intrusted  with  the  negotiation  of  the  delivery  of 
West  Point  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  through 
the  treachery  of  Benedict  Arnold.  After  arranging 
the  whole  plan  he  was  seized,  on  his  return,  by 
three  American  militia-men,  who  searched  him, 
and  found  his  papers  relating  to  the  plot  concealed 
in  his  boot.  He  was  conducted  before  General 
Washington,  tried  by  a  court-martial,  found  guilty, 


and  condemned  to  be  executed  as  a  spy.  He  was 
hung,  notwithstanding  his  entreaties  to  be  shot,  on 
the  2d  October,  1780,  at  the  age  of  29.  His  early 
and  unfortunate  death  was  deeply  regretted  by  all 
who  knew  him,  on  both  sides,  for  his  accomplish 
ments,  amiability,  youth,  and  earnest  devotion  to 
his  country,  made  him  beloved  by  all. 

ANDROS,  EDMUND,  a  governor  of  the  province 
of  New  York  in  1674,  and  subsequently  of  New 
England.  He  was  notorious  for  tyranny  arid  big 
otry,  and  his  arbitrary  conduct  finally  induced  the 
people  to  take  up  arms  against  him.  He  was  im 
prisoned  and  sent  to  England  for  trial,  but  was 
dismissed  without  a  final  decision.  In  1692  he  was 
made  governor  of  Virginia,  where  he  acted  with 
more  prudence.  He  died  in  London,  in  1714. 

ARCHDALE,  JOHN,  governor  of  North  Caro 
lina,  where  he  arrived  in  1695,  and  ruled  so  judi 
ciously  that  the  colony  became  remarkably  prosper 
ous.  He  introduced  the  culture  of  rice,  which  has 
since  become  so  valuable.  After  five  or  six  years 
of  wise  administration,  he  returned  to  London,  and 
did  not  again  visit  this  country. 

ARGALL,  SAMUEL,  a  deputy-governor  of  Vir 
ginia  in  1609.  His  government  was  odious  to  the 
people.  In  1612  he  carried  off  Pocahontas  to 
Jamestown.  His  conduct  fomented  a  war  between 
the  French  and  English  colonists.  He  was  finally 
recalled  for  his  maladministration,  and  returned  to 
England  in  1619.  He  was  afterward  knighted  by 
King  James. 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN,  an  American  general,  dis 
tinguished  in  the  Indian  wars.  He  defended  Fort 
Moultrie,  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Germantown. 
lie  died  in  1795. 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  an  American  general.  He  is  known  as  the 
author  of  the  "Newburg  Letters,"  written  after  the 
close  of  the  Revolution,  for  the  purpose  of  obtain 
ing  a  recompense  for  the  officers  of  the  army.  They 
had  a  great  effect  upon  the  country,  which  might 
have  led  to  unfortunate  results,  had  it  not  been  for 
the  wisdom  and  prudence  of  General  Yv'ashington. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


69 


He  was  Secretary  of  War  at  the  time  of  the  sacking 
of  Washington  in  1814,  and  fled  from  the  city ;  an 
act  which  greatly  detracted  from  his  reputation. 
A  strong  feeling  of  indignation  arising  against  him, 
he  resigned  his  office,  and  from  that  time  lived  in 
retirement.  He  died  in  1843. 

BACON",  NATHANIEL,  celebrated  as  the  leader  of 
"  Bacon's  Rebellion,"  was  a  member  of  the  council 
of  Virginia.  The  incursions  of  the  savages  devas 
tated  the  frontier,  but  Governor  Berkeley  provided 
no  efficient  measures  for  the  relief  of  the  colony. 
Bacon  then  assumed  the  command  of  the  people, 
and  was  denounced  as  a  rebel.  His  bravery  re 
stored  quiet  and  confidence  to  the  colonists,  but 
the  governor  still  condemned  him.  After  putting 
an  end  to  the  Indian  war,  he  was  about  to  besiege 
Governor  Berkeley,  at  Accomac,  when  he  suddenly 
died,  in  1676.  He  was  a  man  of  noble  impulses, 
powerful  mind,  and  invincible  courage. 

BALBOA,  VASCO  NUNEZ  DE,  a  Castilian,  famous 
for  his  enterprise  and  misfortunes,  was  one  of  the 
first  who  visited  the  West  Indies.  His  earnest 
efforts  in  the  pursuit  of  fame  gained  him  the  envy 
and  dislike  of  the  Spanish  governor  of  Darien,  who 
saw  with  a  jealous  eye  the  colony  which  he  had 
established  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  accused 
him  of  disloyalty,  and  a  design  to  revolt.  His 
cruelty  was  successful,  and  the  unfortunate  Balboa 
was  executed  in  1517. 

BAINBRIDGE,  WILLIAM,  a  commodore  of  the 
United  States  navy,  was  born  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
in  1774.  He  acquired  his  fame  during  the  war 
with  Algiers,  and  was  a  captive  in  Barbary  for 
nineteen  months.  In  1812,  while  in  command  of 
the  frigate  Constitution,  he  captured  the  British 
frigate  Java.  At  his  death,  in  1833,  he  was  the 
third  in  rank  in  the  American  navy,  having  ac 
quired  a  universal  reputation  and  popularity. 

BALTIMORE,  LORD.     See  CALVERT. 

BERKELEY,  WILLIAM,  governor  of  Virginia, 
was  noted  only  for  obstinacy,  faithlessness,  and 
revengeful  spirit;  the  combination  of  which  evils 
caused  "Bacon's  Rebellion."  After  a  course  of 


maladministration,  which  even  the  Assembly  de 
nounced,  he  was  induced  to  return  to  England, 
where  he  died  in  "  677. 

BOONE,  DANIEL,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of 
Kentucky,  was  born  in  Virginia,  and,  in  1773,  at 
tempted  to  cross  to  Kentucky,  with  a  party  of 
others  wrho  placed  themselves  under  his  guidance. 
After  various  interruptions  from  the  Indians,  he 
was  finally  taken  prisoner  by  them,  but  escaped  by 
means  of  stratagem.  After  a  few  more  ineffectual 
attempts  upon  the  whites,  the  Indians  were  at 
length  routed,  and  made  no  further  attack  upon 
Boonesborough.  The  Spanish  authorities  having 
presented  him  with  2000  acres  of  land,  and  his 
children  and  followers  with  800  each,  he  removed 
to  upper  Louisiana,  and  settled  at  Charette,  on  the 
Missouri,  where  he  followed  his  usual  course  of  life 
until  his  death,  in  September,  1822.  It  is  said 
that  he  died  in  the  very  act  of  aiming  at  some 
object,  and  was  found  on  his  knees,  with  his  gun 
resting  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree. 

BRADDOCK,  EDWARD,  major-general  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America, 
conducted  an  expedition  against  the  French,  at 
Fort  Du  Quesne,  now  Pittsburg,  in  1755.  When 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  fort  he  was  advised  to 
take  precautions  against  the  Indians,  who,  it  was 
feared,  might  be  lying  in  ambush.  Disregarding 
the  caution,  the  army  was  surprised  by  the  savages, 
and  a  terrible  defeat  and  slaughter  ensued.  All  his 
mounted  officers,  with  the  exception  of  Colonel 
Washington,  his  aid-de-camp,  were  killed,  and  Gen 
eral  Braddock  himself  mortally  wounded.  The  army 
retreated  precipitately  to  General  Dunbar's  camp, 
where  General  Braddock  expired. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  second  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony,  and  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
New  England,  was  born  in  England  in  1588,  and 
joined  with  zeal  in  the  project  of  emigrating  to 
America.  He  sailed  in  the  Mayflower,  but,  just 
before  the  place  of  settlement  was  fixed  upon,  his 
wife  fell  into  the  sea  and  was  drowned.  He  was 
appointed  governor  in  1621,  upon  the  death  of 
Governor  Carver,  and  immediately  secured  the 
friendship  of  the  Indian  sachem,  Massasoit.  In  the 


70 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


beginning  of  the  next  year,  while  the  colony  was 
suffering  severely  from  famine,  Canonicus,  chief  of 
the  Narragansetts,  sent  them  a  bundle  of  arrows, 
bound  with  a  serpent's  skin.  The  governor  prompt 
ly  returned  the  skin,  stuffed  with  powder  and  ball, 
which  completely  intimidated  the  savages.  The 
friendly  Massasoit,  in  return  for  favors  during  his 
illness,  informed  Bradford  of  an  Indian  conspiracy 
to  extirpate  the  English,  and  the  chief  conspirators 
were  immediately  seized  and  executed.  A  compre 
hensive  patent  had  been  obtained  for  New  England, 
from  the  council,  in  the  name  of  William  Bradford, 
his  heirs,  associates,  and  assignees,  and  in  1640  the 
general  court  requested  Bradford  to  resign  it  to 
them.  This  he  did  cheerfully,  when  it  was  imme 
diately  returned  to  him.  After  being  annually 
chosen  governor  as  long  as  he  lived,  with  the  ex 
ception  of  several  years  when  he  declined  the  office, 
he  died  in  1657. 

BRANDT,  JOSEPH,  an  Indian  chief  of  the  Mo 
hawk  tribe,  was  born  on  the  banks  of  the  Mohawk, 
about  1742.  He  was  thought  to  be  a  half-breed. 
Sir  "William  Johnston  took  a  great  interest  in  him, 
and,  through  his  kindness,  Brandt  obtained  a  toler 
able  education.  He  visited  England  in  1775,  and, 
being  greatly  noticed  there,  he  of  course  imbibed 
prejudices  against  the  Americans,  in  addition  to 
his  natural  enmity  to  them.  On  his  return  he  was 
employed  by  the  British  to  conduct  the  attacks 
of  the  Indians  upon  the  colonists ;  and,  associated 
with  Colonel  Butler,  he  commenced  a  series  of  hor 
rible  massacres,  the  most  terrible  of  which  was 
that  of  Wyoming,  at  which,  however,  Brandt  him 
self  was  not  present.  Brandt,  however,  seeing  that 
civilization  was  making  slow,  but  sure  progress, 
wisely  determined  to  pursue  a  more  pacific  policy, 
for  his  own  future  benefit,  and  tried  to  prevail 
upon  the  Indians  to  accept  terms  of  peace.  Hav 
ing  received  from  King  George  a  tract  of  land  upon 
Lake  Ontario,  he  retired  thither  and  spent  the  re 
mainder  of  his  life  in  quiet.  He  died  in  1807. 

BREWSTER,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Plymouth  colony,  was  born  in  England  in  1560. 
He  discovered  much  corruption  in  the  forms  and 
usages  of  the  Established  Church,  and  separated 
from  it,  forming,  with  a  few  others,  a  separate 


society.  They  were  at  length  compelled  to  seek 
refuge  in  a  new  country,  but,  being  opposed  by  the 
government,  he  was  seized  and  imprisoned.  Final 
ly,  having  obtained  his  release,  he  assisted  the  poor 
of  the  society  to  embark  for  Holland,  and  immedi 
ately  followed  them  thither.  His  means  being  ex 
hausted,  he  opened  a  school  for  teaching  the  English 
language,  by  means  of  a  grammar  of  his  own  con 
struction.  He  was  chosen  a  ruling  elder  in  the 
church  at  Leyden,  and  came,  with  its  members,  to 
New  England  in  1620.  He  frequently  officiated 
there  as  minister,  and  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  in 
1644. 

BROCK,  ISAAC,  major-general  in  the  British 
army.  lie  captured  General  Hull  and  his  whole 
army  at  Detroit,  in  1812,  and  afterward  proceeded 
to  the  Niagara  frontier,  where  he  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Qneeristown,  October  13th  of  the  same 
year.  During  his  funeral  the  guns  of  the  American 
fort  were  fired,  as  a  token  of  respect  for  his  bravery 
and  generosity. 

BROWN,  JACOB,  major-general  in  the  American 
army,  was  a  member  of  the  sect  of  Quakers.  In 
1799  he  went  to  the  frontiers,  and  began  to  fell  the 
forest  writh  his  own  hand;  and,  having  thus  made 
the  beginning  of  a  settlement,  he  purchased  more 
land,  and  was  made  agent  for  a  wealthy  Frenchman 
who  owned  a  large  tract  in  that  region.  He  was 
successful  in  obtaining  settlers;  and,  having  obtain 
ed  a  sufficient  number,  organized  a  body  of  militia, 
of  which,  notwithstanding  his  Quaker  prejudices, 
he  took  command.  He  soon  found  his  numbers 
increased  to  a  regiment ;  and,  at  the  commence 
ment  of  the  war  in  1812,  was  made  major-general 
of  militia.  He  soon  after  accepted  a  proffer  from 
government  of  a  high  command  in  the  army,  and, 
at  the  close  of  the  war,  found  himself  at  its  head, 
having  moved  on,  from  one  position  to  another, 
until  he  reached  the  highest.  He  died  at  Wash 
ington  in  1828. 

BURGOYNE,  JOHN,  an  officer  in  the  English  army, 
was  chiefly  noted  for  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga, 
during  the  American  war,  but  finally  surrendered 
to  General  Gates,  at  Saratoga.  He  was  elected  to 
Parliament  in  England,  and,  refusing  to  return  to 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


71 


America,  was  dismissed  the  service.  He  published 
some  pamphlets  in  defense  of  his  conduct,  besides 
several  dramas,  and  died  in  1792. 

BURR,  AAROX,  third  Vice-president  of  the  Uni 
ted  States,  was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1756. 
He  joined  the  American  army  in  1775,  under  Wash 
ington,  at  Cambridge,  went  with  Arnold,  as  a  pri 
vate  soldier,  on  his  expedition  to  Quebec,  and,  after 
arriving  there,  was  aid-de-camp  to  General  Mont 
gomery.  On  his  return,  General  Washington  in 
vited  him  to  join  his  family  at  head-quarters,  but 
some  unexplained  circumstance  soon  transpired  by 
which  Burr  lost  the  confidence  of  Washington; 
and  from  that  time  his  hostility  to  the  commander- 
in-chief  was  strong  and  open.  After  distinguishing 
himself  in  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  he  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  military  life,  on  account  of 
his  ill  health.  He  then  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  law,  was  appointed  attorney -general  of  the 
State  of  New  York  in  1789,  was  afterward  a  sen 
ator  in  Congress,  and  was  prominent  as  a  leader  of 
the  republican  party.  At  the  election  of  President 
for  the  fourth  presidential  term,  Thomas  Jefferson 
and  Aaron  Burr  had  each  73  votes,  and,  on  the 
3Gth  ballot,  Congress  decided  in  favor  of  Jefferson 
for  President,  and  Burr  for  Vice-president.  In  July, 
1804,  occurred  the  duel  between  Burr  and  Alexan 
der  Hamilton,  his  political  opponent  and  rival,  m 
which  Hamilton  was  mortally  wounded.  Soon 
after,  Burr  conceived  his  wild  project  of  invading 
Mexico,  and  establishing  a  separate  government  in 
the  Southwestern  States.  He  was  apprehended, 
and  brought  to  Richmond  in  1807,  on  a  charge  of 
treason,  of  which,  after  a  long  trial,  he  was  acquit 
ted.  He  returned  to  New  York,  and  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  comparative  obscurity.  He 
died  on  Staten  Island,  in  1836. 

BUTLER,  Jonx,  Colonel,  was  born  in  Connecti 
cut,  but  removed  to  the  valley  of  Wyoming.  Dur 
ing  the  Revolution,  he  was  the  leader  of  a  band  of 
Tories  who  co-operated  with  a  party  of  Indians 
under  their  chieftain,  Brandt.  It  was  by  his  insti 
gation  that  the  horrid  cruelties  of  the  massacre  of 
Wyoming,  in  1778,  were  enacted  by  some  1600 
Tories  and  Indians.  In  conjunction  with  Brandt, 
he  committed  similar  atrocities  in  the  valley  of  the 


Mohawk.  Treating  alike  the  defenseless  and  the 
strong,  without  regard  to  age  or  sex,  he  and  his 
Tories  perpetrated  deeds  of  inhumanity  and  horror 
which  even  the  savage  Indian  shuddered  to  wit 
ness.  During  the  same  year  he  sent  his  son,  Walter 
Butler,  with  a  party  of  Tories,  to  join  Brandt  and 
his  Indians,  who,  together,  fell  suddenly  upon  the 
settlement  of  Cherry  Valley,  murdering  many  of 
the  inhabitants,  and  carrying  off  others  into  cap 
tivity.  After  the  war,  Butler  settled  in  Canada, 
where  he  Avas  granted  5000  acres  of  land,  and  an 
annual  income  of  £500,  by  the  British  government. 

BUTLER,  ZEBULOX,  Colonel,  was  a  native  of  Con 
necticut,  but  removed  to  Wyoming,  where,  in  1778, 
at  the  head  of  a  small  party  of  patriots,  he  attempted 
the  defense  of  the  place,  but  was  overpowered  by  su 
perior  numbers, — Tories  and  Indians,  under  Colonel 
John  Butler.  Zebulon  Butler  was  one  of  the  few 
who,  by  flight,  escaped  sharing  the  fate  of  the  un 
fortunate  victims  of  the  massacre  of  Wyoming. 

CABOT,  SEBASTIAX,  son  of  John  Cabot,  a  Vene 
tian  pilot,  was  born  at  Bristol,  England,  in  1467. 
He  studied  mathematics  and  cosmography,  and 
became  skilled  in  navigation  at  an  early  age.  In 
1497  he,  together  with  his  father,  was  engaged  by 
Henry  VII.  to  discover  a  northwest  passage  to 
India ;  and,  on  one  of  their  voyages  discovered 
Newfoundland,  and,  on  another,  saw  the  mainland 
of  America,  being  the  first  Europeans  who  had 
done  so.  He  was  employed  by  the  King  of  Spain 
to  sail  to  the  Moluccas,  by  way  of  the  Straits  of 
Magellan,  but  the  mutinous  spirit  of  his  crew  pre 
vented  the  accomplishment  of  his  object,  and  he 
landed  at  Paraguay,  where  he  remained  five  years. 
Returning  to  Spain,  he  exhibited  proofs  of  the 
great  resources  of  the  countries  he  had  visited,  but 
was  treated  coldly,  as  he  failed  to  realize  the  ava 
ricious  hopes  of  the  Spaniards.  He  then  returned 
to  England,  where  his  merits  and  nautical  skill 
gained  him  the  notice  of  Edward  VI.,  who  settled 
a  handsome  pension  on  him.  In  1552  he  planned 
an  exploring  voyage  to  the  northern  regions  of  the 
world ;  and  to  him  England  owes  her  first  mercan 
tile  connection  with  Russia,  by  the  establishment 
of  the  Russia  Company,  of  which  Cabot  was  ap 
pointed  governor.  He  published  a  map  of  the 


72 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


world,  and   an   account  of  his  southern  voyages. 
He  died  in  1557. 

CALVERT,  GEORGE,  first  Lord  Baltimore,  was 
an  English  statesman,  and  Secretary  of  State  to 
James  I.,  but  was  obliged  to  resign  his  office.  He 
still  remained  in  favor  with  the  king,  and,  having 
been  constituted  proprietor  of  part  t>f  Newfound 
land,  while  Secretary  of  State,  he  visited  it  twice, 
and  spent  a  large  sum  upon  it.  He  was  so  annoyed 
by  the  French,  however,  that  he  at  length  relin 
quished  the  idea  of  a  settlement  there,  and  finally 
settled  on  the  territory  northward  of  the  Potomac. 
Returning  to  England,  he  obtained  a  grant  of  it 
from  Charles  I.,  but,  before  the  patent  was  com 
pleted,  he  died,  in  1632.  After  his  death,  the  patent 
was  obtained  in  the  name  of  his  son  Cecil.  The 
country  was  called  Maryland,  in  honor  of  Hen 
rietta  Maria,  the  queen-consort  of  Charles  the 
First. 

CALYERT,  LEONARD,  first  governor  of  Maryland, 
was  the  brother  of  Cecil  Calvert,  the  proprietor,  who 
sent  him  to  America,  as  the  head  of  the  colony,  in 

1633.  He  arrived  at  Point  Comfort,  in  Virginia,  in 

1634.  He  afterward  sailed  up  the  Chesapeake,  and 
entered  the  Potomac,  up  which  he  sailed  until  he 
reached  an  island,  which  he  named  St.  Clement's. 
Here  he  formally  took  possession  of  the  country ;  and, 
having  obtained  an  audience  of  the  prince,  he  con 
vinced  the  natives  that  his  designs  were  honorable ; 
and  then,  wishing  a  more  suitable  station  for  his 
settlement,  he  visited  an  Indian  village,  about  four 
leagues  from  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac.     Here,  by 
means  of  presents  to  the  prince  and  his  chiefs,  he 
succeeded  in  conciliating  them,  and  obtained  per 
mission  to  reside  in  one  part  of  the  town  until  the 
next  harvest,  when  it  was  stipulated  that  the  In 
dians  should  leave  the  place  entirely.     Having  thus 
acquired    peaceable    possession    of    Maryland,   he 
named  the  town  St.  Mary's,  and  the  creek  on  which 
it  was  situated,  St.  George.     The  principles  of  the 
colony  were  religious  toleration  and   security  of 
property,   and  thus  the  Roman   Catholic   colony 
became  a  refuge  for  those  who  fled  from  the  intol 
erance  of  the  Puritans.     Leonard  Calvert  acted  as 
governor  until  the   civil   war  in   England,  when 
Parliament  appointed   a  new  governor  until   the 


Restoration,  at  which  time  Cecil  Calvert  recovered 
his  right.     Leonard  died  in  1676. 

CALHOUN,  JOHN  C.,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
of  American  statesmen,  was  born  in  South  Carolina 
in  1782.  In  1811  he  was  elected  to  Congress, 
where  he  soon  distinguished  himself  as  an  orator 
and  debater.  In  1817  he  was  made  Secretary  of 
War,  under  President  Monroe ;  in  1825  he  .was 
elected  Vice-president;  and  in  1831,  a  senator. 
In  1843  he  was  made  Secretary  of  State,  and  again 
became  senator  in  1845.  He  died  March  31st, 
1850,  having  remained  at  Washington  nearly  the 
whole  time  since  1821  His  speeches  gained  him 
an  undying  reputation  for  eloquence.  His  charac 
ter  was  noted  for  its  nobleness  and  integrity. 

CARLETON,  GUY,  Lord  Dorchester,  a  distin 
guished  British  officer,  signalized  himself  at  the 
siege  of  Quebec,  in  1758.  In  1772  he  was  made  gov 
ernor  of  Quebec,  and  appointed  major-general ;  and, 
by  his  great  exertions,  saved  Canada  when  its  capi 
tal  was  besieged  by  Generals  Arnold  and  Mont 
gomery.  For  this  lie  was  knighted,  and  made  lieu 
tenant-general.  He  next  succeeded  General  Clinton 
as  commander-in-chief  in  America,  and,  at  the  end 
of  the  war,  was  created  a  peer,  and  made  governor 
of  Quebec,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick.  He 
died  in  1808. 

CARROLL,  CHARLES,  of  Carrollton,  was  born  in 
1737,  was  of  Irish  descent,  and  inherited  a  large 
estate  in  Maryland.  He  was  known  as  a  strong 
advocate  for  liberty,  and  able  political  writer.  In 
1776  he  was  a  delegate  to  Congress,  and  subscribed 
his  name  to  the  Declaration,  of  which  he  was  the 
last  surviving  signer.  After  devoting  himself  to 
the  councils  of  his  native  State,  and  serving  as  sen 
ator  in  Congress,  he  retired  to  private  life  in  1810, 
and  passed  his  remaining  days  in  illustrious  repose. 
He  died  in  1832. 

C  ARTIER,  JAMES,  a  French  navigator,  who  made 
important  discoveries  in  Canada.  Francis  I.,  of 
France,  sent  Cartier  out  in  1534,  to  establish  a  col 
ony  in  Newfoundland.  In  this  voyage  he  visited 
the  greater  part  of  the  coast  around  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  and  took  possession  of  the  country  in 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


73 


the  name  of  the  king.  The  next  year  he  was  again 
sent  out;  and,  proceeding  up  the  St.  Lawrence, 
formed  a  settlement  upon  an  island  which  he  called 
Mont  Real,  now  Montreal.  Here,  by  means  of  the 
two  natives  whom  Cartier,  on  his  first  visit,  had 
induced  to  accompany  him,  he  established  friendly 
feelings  with  the  Indian  chiefs.  Cartier  and  his 
followers  were  entertained  with  hospitality  and 
kindness ;  in  return  for  which  the  chief  was  kid 
napped  and  taken  to  France,  where  he  died.  Then 
commenced,  and  justly  so,  the  hostilities  of  the 
natives.  Consequently,  Cartier,  on  his  return  in 
1541,  was  opposed  by  force  on  the  part  of  the  in 
dignant  and  outraged  natives,  and  compelled  to 
built  a  fort  for  his  defense  near  the  present  site  of 
Quebec.  Determining  to  return  home,  he  stopped  on 
his  way  at  St.  John's,  in  Newfoundland,  where  he 
was  ordered  to  return  to  Canada;  but,  not  choosing 
to  obey,  he  sailed  away  at  night.  He  published  mem 
oirs  of  Canada  on  his  return  from  his  second  voyage. 

CARVER,  Jornsr,  first  governor  of  Plymouth  col 
ony,  was  a  native  of  England,  and  one  of  Mr.  Rob 
inson's  congregation  in  Leyden.  He  came  to  Amer 
ica  in  the  Mayflower,  in  1620;  was  elected  the  first 
governor  of  the  colony,  in  which  capacity  he  acted 
with  great  prudence  and  satisfaction.  He  died 
suddenly-,  April,  1621.  In  six  weeks  his  wife  fol 
lowed  him  in  death. 

CLAY,  HENRY,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1777. 
His  father  dying  when  Henry  was  very  young,  left 
his  family  in  poverty.  His  mother,  a  woman  of 
high-toned  morals  and  excellent  judgment,  always 
pointed  her  young  family  to  the  paths  of  honesty 
and  virtue;  but,  from  her  straitened  circumstances, 
was  able  to  afford  the  youth  no  education  except 
that  of  a  log-cabin  school-house;  he,  meanwhile, 
engaged  in  the  toils  of  a  plow-boy,  shoeless  and 
coatless,  until  he  reached  the  age  of  fourteen, 
when  he  was  placed  in  a  store  in  Richmond, 
and  in  a  year  exchanged  his  situation  for  one 
in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  High  Court  of 
Chancery.  He  soon  commenced  the  study  of 
law,  and,  almost  immediately  upon  entering  his 
profession,  he  acquired  friends,  and  speedily  rose  to 
distinction.  After  serving  as  senator  for  a  short 
time,  he  became  Speaker  of  'the  lower  House,  and, 


in  the  winter  of  1813—14,  when  Congress  sent  min 
isters  to  Ghent  to  treat  with  Great  Britain,  Mr. 
Clay  was  one  of  the  number.  On  his  return,  he 
was  elected  to  Congress,  and  served  as  Speaker  for 
many  years.  In  1825  he  was  Secretary  of  State 
under  John  Quincy  Adams.  In  1832  he  was  a  can 
didate  for  the  Presidency,  in  opposition  to  General 
Jackson,  but  was  defeated.  In  1842  he  resigned 
his  seat  in  tlie  Senate,  and  retired  to  private  life. 
In  1844  he  was  the  whig  candidate  for  the  Presi 
dency,  in  opposition  to  James  K.  Polk,  the  demo 
cratic  nominee,  by  whom  he  was  defeated.  In 
1848  he  was  again  a  candidate  for  the  Presidential 
nomination,  but  General  Taylor  was  the  choice  of 
the  whigs,  and  was  elected.  In  1849  Mr.  Clay  was 
sent  for  the  last  time  to  the  Senate,  and  lii.s  public 
duties  occupied  him  until  his  death,  in  1852.  He 
was  noted  for  his  zeal  and  eloquence,  and  great 
talents  as  a  lawyer  and  statesman. 

CLINTON",  HENEY,  a  general  in  the  American 
war.  He  distinguished  himself  at  Bunker  Hill, 
evacuated  Philadelphia  in  1778,  and  took  Charles 
ton  in  1780,  for  which  he  was  thanked  by  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  was  made  governor  of 
Gibraltar  in  1795,  afterward  member  of  Parliament, 
and  died  soon  after. 

CLINTON,  DE  WITT,  governor  of  New  York, 
was  born  in  1769.  He  was  elected  to  the  Sen 
ate  of  New  York  in  1799;  in  1802  was  made  a 
L7nited  States  Senator;  in  1803  was  chosen  Mayor 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  re-elected  for  several 
years.  Under  his  auspices  the  City  Hall  and  Or 
phan  Asylum  were  founded,  and  the  city  fortified. 
He  was  afterward  elected  governor,  and  did  much 
for  education  and  internal  improvement.  In  1824 
the  Legislature,  without  any  assigned  reason,  re 
moved  him  from  his  office  as  president  of  the  Board 
of  Canal  Commissioners,  which  act  of  injustice 
aroused  the  indignation  of  the  people,  who  elected 
him  governor  by  an  overwhelming  majority.  Dur 
ing  his  administration  the  Erie  Canal,  which  we 
owe  to  his  perseverance,  was  finished,  and  its  com 
pletion  celebrated  throughout  the  State.  He  died 
at  Albany  in  1828. 

CODDINGTON,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  founders 


10 


74 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


of  Rhode  Island,  was  a  native  of  England,  and  came 
to  America  in  1630.  In  1638  lie  removed  to  Rhode 
Island,  and,  by  his  influence,  something  like  a  regu 
lar  plan  of  government  was  adopted,  and  he  was 
chosen  governor  until  the  charter  was  obtained, 
and  the  island  incorporated  with  the  Providence 
plantations.  In  1647  he  assisted  in  forming  the 
code  of  laws  which  has  been  the  basis  of  the  gov 
ernment  of  Rhode  Island  ever  since,  "tie  declined 
the  office  of  governor  in  1648,  but  afterward  ac 
cepted  it  in  1674  and  1675.  Pie  died  in  1678. 

COLUMBUS,  CHRISTOPHER,  the  discoverer  of 
the  New  World,  was  born  in  Genoa  about  1435. 
He  soon  gave  evidence  of  great  talents  for  geogra 
phy,  together  with  a  strong  inclination  for  the  sea. 
He  studied  all  the  maps  and  charts  he  could  pro 
cure,  and  made  occasional  voyages.  His  own  re 
flections,  together  with  facts  which  he  learned  from 
navigators,  convinced  him  of  the  existence  of  un 
known  lands,  separated  from  Europe  by  the  At 
lantic.  He  sought  aid  in  vain  from  Genoa,  Portu 
gal,  and  England ;  and  finally,  through  the  instru 
mentality  of  Isabella,  queen  of  Spain,  he  obtained 
three  vessels  for  a  voyage  of  discovery.  He  sailed 
from  Palos,  August  3d,  1492,  bent  on  reaching 
India  by  a  westerly  course.  He  voyaged  for  two 
months  without  result,  and  his  crew  becoming 
mutinous  and  alarmed,  in  consequence  of  the  varia 
tion  of  the  needle,  he  promised  that  if  three  days 
brought  no  further  signs  of  land,  they  would  com 
mence  their  homeward  voyage.  On  the  third  day 
they  came  in  sight  of  the  Bahamas,  and  afterward 
explored  some  other  of  the  West  India  islands.  He 
built  a  fort  at  Hispaniola,  left  some  of  his  men  there, 
and  returned  home,  where  he  was  warmly  received. 
In  his  third  voyage,  in  1498,  he  saw  the  mainland 
of  America,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco,  for  the 
first  time.  Having  assumed  the  command  of  His 
paniola,  complaints  were  made  against  him,  and  h 
was  sent  home  in  irons,  an  indignity  which  the 
great  man  bore  with  noble  fortitude.  Having  ob 
tained  an  audience  of  his  sovereign,  he  was  partial 
ly  reinstated,  but  soon  found  that  full  justice  would 
never  be  awarded  him.  Notwithstanding  this  un 
worthy  treatment,  he  made  another  voyage,  which 
was  attended  with  great  disaster  from  storms  and 
shipwreck,  and  two  years  after  his  return,  he  sunk 


under  the  burden  of  oppression  and  injustice.  He 
died  at  Valladolid,  in  1506.  His  body  was  con 
veyed  to  St.  Domingo,  and  afterward  to  Havana. 

CORTEZ,  FERNANDO,  the  conqueror  of  Mexico, 
was  born  in  1485.  The  conquest  of  Mexico  being 
decided  upon,  Cortez  obtained  command  of  the  ex 
pedition,  and  set  sail  in  1518  with  ten  vessels  and 
700  men.  He  was  peaceably  received  in  Mexico, 
but,  having  seized  upon  Montezuma,  the  native 
emperor,  and  treated  the  people  with  great  inso 
lence,  they  resisted  his  encroachments.  He  be 
sieged  the  capital,  and  a  dreadful  slaughter  was  the 
result.  Having  reduced  the  city,  he  next  conquered 
the  whole  territory,  committing  the  most  terrible 
atrocities.  Spain  rewarded  him  with  wealth  and 
rank,  but  the  court  of  Madrid,  jealous  of  his  power, 
treated  him  with  cold  neglect.  He  died  in  1554. 

CORNWALLIS,  LORD  CHARLES,  was  born  in 
1738,  and  entered  the  army  at  an  early  age.  He 
was  conspicuous  in  the  American  war,  distinguish 
ing  himself  at  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  at  the 
siege  of  Charleston,  and  at  Camden  and  Guilford. 
He  was  finally  compelled  to  surrender  to  Washing 
ton  at  Yorktown,  in  Virginia,  which  put  an  end  to 
the  Revolution.  He  afterward  served  in  India 
with  great  renown ;  was  afterward  lord-lieutenant 
of  Ireland  and  governor-general  of  India.  He  died 
in  1805. 

COTTON,  JOHN,  who  has  been  called  the  patri 
arch  of  New  England,  was  one  of  the  most  dis 
tinguished  of  the  early  ministers  of  the  colony. 
During  the  government  of  Bishop  Laud  over  the 
English  Church,  Cotton  was  cited  before  the  High 
Commission  Court  for  nonconformity,  and,  being 
obliged  to  flee,  came  to  New  England  for  a  refuge. 
He  remained  in  Boston,  connected  with  the  church 
there,  for  nineteen  years,  and  died  in  1652. 

DAVENPORT,  JOHN,  first  minister  of  New  Ha 
ven.  He  came  to  America  in  consequence  of  the 
persecution  which  he  suffered  as  a  Nonconformist. 
After  his  arrival,  he,  with  a  company  of  followers, 
left  Boston  to  found  a  new  colony,  which  they  did 
at  New  Haven,  where  he  was  minister  nearly  thirty 
years.  He  died  in  1670. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


75 


DEARBORN,  HENRY,  a  distinguished  general  in 
the  Revolution,  who  arrived  at  Cambridge,  the  day 
after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  with  sixty  volunteers. 
He  was  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill;  accompanied 
Arnold  to  Quebec ;  was  major  in  the  arm}1  under 
Gates  at  Burgoyne's  defeat;  distinguished  himself 
for  his  bravery  at  Monmouth;  and  was  present  at 
Yorktown,  at  the  surrender  of  Oornwallis.  In  1801 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War;  in  1812  re 
ceived  a  commission  as  senior  major-general ;  and 
in  1813  captured  York  in  Upper  Canada,  and  Fort 
George  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara.  He  was  min 
ister  to  Portugal  in  1822,  but  was  recalled  at  his 
own  request.  He  died  in  1829. 

DECATUR,  STEPHEN,  Commodore,  was  born  in 
Maryland,  in  1779.  He  entered  the  American  navy 
at  the  age  of  nineteen,  sailed  three  times  to  the  Med 
iterranean,  under  Commodores  Dale,  Morris,  and 
Preble,  and  arrived  there  the  third  time  soon  after 
the  frigate  Philadelphia  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
the  Tripolitans.  He  formed  the  daring  idea  of  recap 
turing  or  destroying  her,  and  succeeded  in  boarding 
her,  overpowering  her  crew  and  setting  tire  to  her, 
when  he  returned  to  his  vessel,  and,  favored  by  the 
wind,  was  soon  out  of  reach  of  the  enemy's  guns. 
For  this  exploit  he  was  made  post-captain.  In 
another  attack  on  Tripoli,  he,  by  his  invincible 
bravery,  captured  two  of  the  enemy's  gun- boats, 
and  carried  them  off  as  prizes.  On  his  return  to 
the  United  States,  he  was  ordered  to  supersede 
Commodore  Barren  in  command  of  the  Chesapeake. 
Afterward,  with  the  frigate  United  States,  he  cap 
tured  the  British  ship  Macedonian,  one  of  the  finest 
frigates  in  the  British  navy,  after  an  action  of  an 
hour  and  a  half.  Being  appointed  to  the  frigate 
President,  lie  attempted  to  get  to  sea,  but  his  vessel 
was  captured  by  three  others.  After  the  conclusion 
of  the  war  with  England,  lie  was  again  sent  to  the 
Mediterranean,  and  at  length  compelled  the  Al- 
gerine  government  to  sign  a  treaty  most  humiliating 
to  themselves,  and  honorable  to  the  United  States. 
He  also  obtained  redress  from  Tunis  and  Tripoli. 
He  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  Commodore  Barron, 
March  22<1,  1820. 

FRANKLIN,  BENJAMIN,  an  eminent  philosopher, 
politician,  and  statesman,  was  born  at  Boston,  in 


1706.  His  father  was  a  tallow-chandler,  and  Ben 
jamin  was  apprenticed  to  his  elder  brother,  a  printer 
and  publisher  of  a  Boston  newspaper.  Here  his 
natural  love  for  reading  was  indulged,  and  the 
newspaper  afforded  an  opportunity  for  the  gratifi 
cation  of  his  literary  inclinations.  His  brother  be 
ing  imprisoned,  and  the  paper  stopped  on  account 
of  some  offensive  political  articles,  young  Benjamin 
was  made  the  ostensible  editor,  and  his  indentures 
canceled ;  and,  after  the  release  of  his  brother,  he 
took  advantage  of  this  act  to  escape  from  what  he 
considered  too  rigorous  treatment,  lie  therefore 
embarked  secretly  for  New  York,  and,  finding  no 
employment  there,  proceeded  to  Philadelphia,  where 
he  arrived  on  foot,  with  a  penn3r  roll  in  his  hand 
and  one  dollar  in  his  purse.  Here  he  became  a 
compositor,  and,  having  attracted  the  notice  of  Sir 
William  Keith,  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  he  was 
induced  by  him  to  visit  England,  for  the  purpose  of 
purchasing  types  to  establish  himself  in  business. 
Upon  his  arrival  in  London,  he  found  himself  de 
ceived  in  his  promised  letters  of  recommendation 
from  Governor  Keith,  and  was  again  obliged  to  go  to 
work  as  a  compositor.  Here  he  became  a  convert 
to  deistical  opinions.  In  1726  he  returned  to  Phil 
adelphia,  where  he  soon  commenced  business  as  a 
printer.  In  1728  he  established  a  newspaper,  and 
in  1732  published  "Poor  Richard's  Almanac,"  rioted 
for  its  wise  maxims  of  industry  and  economy.  He 
was  afterward  made  postmaster  of  Philadelphia. 
Some  time  afterward  he  commenced  his  electrical 
experiments,  and  discovered  the  identity  of  the 
electric  fire  and  lightning,  and  applied  his  knowl 
edge  to  the  invention  of  iron  conductors,  to  protect 
buildings  from  its  evil  effects.  In  1747  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly,  and, 
through  his  influence,  a  militia  bill  was  passed,  and 
Franklin  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  Philadelphia 
regiment.  In  1757  he  was  sent  to  England  as 
agent  for  Pennsylvania,  and  was  honored  by  being 
chosen  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  by  the  de 
gree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  universities  of  St.  An 
drew's,  Edinburgh,  and  Oxford.  He  returned  to 
America,  and,  two  years  later,  again  visited  Eng 
land  in  the  same  capacity  of  agent,  and  was  there 
examined  by  the  House  of  Commons  concerning  the 
Stamp  Act,  In  1775  he  returned  home,  and  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  Congress.  He  took  a  promi- 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


nent  part  in  the  Revolution,  and  was  sent  to  France 
to  negotiate  a  treaty,  •which  caused  a  war  between 
that  country  and  England.  In  1783  lie  signed  the 
treaty  of  peace,  returned  to  America  in  1785,  was 
chosen  president  of  the  Supreme  Council  of  Penn 
sylvania,  and,  in  1787,  was  a  delegate  to  the  conven 
tion  which  formed  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  He  died  in  1790,  leaving  numerous  scien 
tific,  philosophical,  and  political  works. 

FULTON,  ROBERT,  a  celebrated  American  engi 
neer,  and  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  lie  went  to 
England,  and  studied  painting  under  his  distin 
guished  countryman,  West,  and  made  painting  his 
chief  employment  for  some  time.  He  afterward 
adopted  the  profession  of  a  civil  engineer.  In  1796 
he  published  a  treatise  on  "Inland  Navigation," 
went  to  Paris  in  1797,  and  remained  there  for  seven 
years,  closely  applying  himself  to  study.  There, 
in  1800,  he  projected  the  first  panorama  ever  ex 
hibited,  and  matured  the  plan  for  his  submarine 
boat,  or  torpedo.  Returning  to  America  in  1806, 
he  in  1807,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Livingston, 
built  the  first  steamboat,  which  navigated  the  Hud 
son  at  the  rate  of  five  miles  an  hour.  He  after 
ward  built  two  steam  ferry-boats  for  crossing  the 
Hudson,  and  obtained  a  patent  for  a  submarine 
battery.  In  1814  the  United  States  government 
appropriated  $320,000  for  constructing  a  steam  ves 
sel  of  war,  and  appointed  him  the  engineer.  In 
about  four  months  it  was  launched,  and  christened 
"Fulton  the  First."  He  was  employed  in  improv 
ing  his  submarine  boat,  when  he  died  suddenly  in 
1815.  He  was  the  first  who  applied  water-wheels 
to  the  purpose  of  steam  navigation ;  but,  though 
he  claimed  the  invention,  he  certainly  was  not  the 
real  inventor,  that  credit  being  due  to  John  Fitch. 

GAGE,  THOMAS,  the  last  governor  of  Massachu 
setts  appointed  by  England,  first  came  to  America 
as  a  lieutenant  under  Braddock,  and  was  present 
when  that  general  received  his  mortal  wound.  He 
was  governor  of  Montreal  in  1760,  and  in  1763  suc 
ceeded  General  Amherst  as  commander-in-chief  of 
the  British  forces  in  America.  In  1774  he  became 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  soon  commenced 
that  series  of  oppressive  and  unjust  acts  which 
hastened  the  Revolution.  It  was  by  his  order  that 


the  detachment  was  sent  to  Concord,  for  the  pur 
pose  of  seizing  the  military  stores,  which  encoun 
tered  the  Americans  at  Lexington,  and  thus  com 
menced  the  Revolutionary  war.  In  1775  the  pro 
vincial  Congress  declared  him  an  enemy  to  the 
colony,  and,  returning  to  England  soon  after,  he 
died  there  in  1787. 

GAINES,  EDMUND  P.,  a  general  of  the  American 
army,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1777,  joined  the 
army  in  1799,  and  for  twelve  years  was  engaged  in 
frontier  duty  ;  and,  in  the  performance  of  his  func 
tions,  was  instrumental  in  the  arrest  of  Colonel 
Burr.  lie  was  active  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  was 
promoted  from  one  degree  to  another  until  he 
reached  the  rank  of  major-general.  The  govern 
ment  honored  him  with  a  vote  of  thanks,  and 
authorized  the  President  to  present  him  with  a 
gold  medal,  while  the  States  of  New  York,  Vir 
ginia,  and  Tennessee  each  awarded  him  resolutions 
of  thanks,  together  with  a  gold-hilted  sword.  He 
was  afterward  engaged  in  the  Creek  war,  under 
Jackson,  and  for  a  time  in  the  Seminole  war.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  Mexican  war  he  called 
out  a  large  number  of  the  southern  militia,  without 
awaiting  orders  from  Washington,  for  which  he 
was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  but  not  censured. 
He  died  in  New  Orleans,  June  G,  1849. 

GATES,  HORATIO,  a  major-general  during  the 
Revolution,  was  born  in  England,  served  in  the 
British  army  during  the  old  French  war,  and  at  its 
conclusion  purchased  an  estate  in  Virginia,  where 
he  resided  until  the  commencement  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  when  Congress  appointed  him  adjutant-gen 
eral.  He  captured  Burgoyne  at  Saratoga,  for  which 
signal  service  he  was  tendered  a  vote  of  thanks, 
besides  receiving  a  gold  medal  from  the  President. 
He  was,  however,  unfortunate  in  his  southern  cam 
paign,  being  defeated  by  Cornwallis  at  Camden. 
He  was  superseded  by  General  Greene,  but  was 
afterward  restored  to  his  command.  He  died  in 
1806. 

GILBERT,  SIR  HUMPHREY,  an  able  navigator,  was 
a  native  of  England  ;  followed  the  military  profes 
sion,  and  was  knighted  for  his  services.  He  took 
possession  of  Newfoundland,  in  the  name  of  Queen 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


77 


Elizabeth,  but  was  unable  to  form  a  colony.  On 
his  return  from  Newfoundland,  in  1584,  his  ship 
foundered,  and  every  soul  on  board  perished. 

GOSNOLD,  BARTHOLOMEW,  a  daring  English 
mariner,  sailed  from  Falmouth  for  America  in  1602. 
He  was  the  first  Englishman  who  came  directly 
across  the  ocean,  without  taking  the  West  Indies 
in  his  course.  He  discovered  a  cape,  which,  from 
the  great  number  of  cod  he  caught  there,  he  named 
Cape  Cod.  He  soon  afterward  saw  and  named  the 
island  called  Martha's  Vineyard,  now  supposed  to 
be  the  smaller  island  called  No  Man's  Land.  He 
resided  three  weeks  on  the  most  western  of  the 
Elizabeth  islands,  where  he  built  a  fort  and  store 
house.  His  provisions  not  being  sufficient,  he  aban 
doned  the  idea  of  making  a  settlement,  and  re 
turned  home.  The  cellar  of  his  storehouse  was 
discovered  by  Dr.  Belknap,  in  1797,  After  his 
return  to  England,  he  embarked  for  Virginia, 
where  lie  was  a  member  of  the  council,  and  died  in 
1607. 

GR ASSE,  FRANCOIS  JOSEPH:  PAUL,  COUNT  DE,  was 
born  in  1723,  and,  in  the  war  between  England 
and  America,  was  the  ally  of  the  Americans.  His 
great  abilities  and  zeal  in  our  behalf  gained  him 
universal  confidence,  and  the  co-operative  measures 
concerted  between  Generals  Washington,  Rocham- 
beau,  and  himself,  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  Corn- 
wallis,  and  virtually  concluded  the  war.  Congress 
rendered  him  a  vote  of  thanks  for  his  great  services, 
and  also  presented  him  with  four  pieces  of  cannon, 
taken  from  the  British  at  Yorktown,  uin  testimony 
of  the  inestimable  services  rendered  by  him  on  that 
day.71  He  died  in  1788. 

GREENE,  NATHANIEL,  a  major-general  during 
the  Revolution,  llis  parents  were  Quakers,  and  he 
obeyed  the  tenets  of  their  religion  until  the  battle 
of  Lexington,  when  he  joined  the  army,  with  the 
title  of  brigadier-general.  He  was  appointed  major- 
general  in  1776,  and  obtained  great  distinction  at 
Trenton  and  Princeton,  In  1780  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  southern  department,  where, 
although  he  won  the  battle  of  Cowpens,  he  met 
with  a  succession  of  misfortunes.  After  several 
defeats,  he  was  obliged  to  retreat  to  the  extremity 


of  the  State,  but  he  was  still  firmly  resolved  to 
recover  South  Carolina;  and,  waiting  his  opportu 
nity,  finally  won  the  highest  distinction  at  the  bat 
tle  of  Eutaw  Springs;  for  which  service  he  was 
presented  with  a  gold  medal,  and  a  British  stand 
ard.  He  struggled  with  great  difficulties,  on  ac 
count  of  the  want  of  supplies  for  his  troops,  and 
his  firmness  and  decision  alone  prevented  a  mutiny 
among  them.  He  died  in  1786. 

HAMILTON,  ALEXANDER,  first  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  1757. 
He  entered  the  American  army  at  an  early  age, 
and,  by  the  time  he  was  twenty,  Washington  had 
made  him  his  aid-de-camp,  with  the  rank  of  lieu 
tenant-colonel.  From  this  time  lie  was  the  insepa 
rable  companion  of  Washington,  and  was  always 
consulted  by  him  on  important  matters.  After  the 
'  war  he  became  a  lawyer,  was  elected  to  Congress, 
and  in  1789  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treas 
ury  ;  and,  during  his  continuance  in  office,  raised 
the  public  credit  from  the  lowest  depths  of  depres 
sion  to  an  unprecedented  height.  On  the  death  of 
Washington  he  succeeded  to  the  chief  command  of 
the  army,  and,  when  it  was  disbanded,  returned  to 
the  study  of  law,  continually  increasing  in  reputa 
tion,  until  1804,  when  he  was  challenged  by  Colonel 
Burr,  and  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  first  fire. 
His  name  has  always  been  held  in  the  greatest 
esteem,  while  that  of  Burr  is  justly  execrated. 

HANCOCK,  JOHN,  was  born  in  1737,  and  was 
distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  America. 
In  1774  he  was  president  of  the  Provincial  Congress 
of  Massachusetts,  and  took  so  prominent  a  part 
against  the  injustice  of  Great  Britain  that  General 
Gage,  in  his  proclamation  offering  pardon  to  all 
rebels  who  would  return  to  their  allegiance,  except- 
ed  John  Hancock  and  Samuel  Adams ;  considering 
their  oftences  so  great  as  to  merit  capital  punish 
ment.  He  was  then  president  of  the  Continental 
Congress,  and,  in  that  capacity,  was  the  first  to 
sign  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was 
afterward  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  died  in 
1793,  noted,  not  only  for  his  inflexible  patriotism, 
but  for  his  generous  munificence  and  hospitality. 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  the  ninth  Presi- 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


dent  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in 
1773,  and  abandoned  the  medical  profession  to  join 
the  army  in  its  contests  with  the  Indians  on  the 
northwestern  frontier.  In  1811  he  gained  the 
celebrated  victory  of  Tippecanoe ;  and,  during  the 
war  with  Great  Britain,  was  appointed  commander 
of  the  northwestern  army  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  afterward  a  member  of  Congress,  and  min 
ister  to  the  republic  of  Columbia.  On  his  return, 
he  quietly  retired  to  his  residence  near  Cincinnati, 
where  he  lived  until  1840,  when  he  was  elected 
President.  115s  death  occurred  but  one  month  after 
his  inauguration,  and  caused  a  profound  sensation 
of  regret  throughout  the  country. 

HARVARD,  JOHN,  was  a  Nonconformist  divine, 
who  came  from  England  to  America,  and  died  at 
Charleston  in  1638,  soon  after  his  arrival.  He  is 
deserving  of  commemoration  as  the  founder  of 

Harvard  College. 

HENRY,  PATRICK,  governor  of  Virginia,  was  born 
in  1736,  and  took  a  most  decided  stand  against  the 
tyranny  of  Great  Britain.     When  a  member  of  the 
Assembly  of  Virginia,  he  was  the  first  to  commence 
an  opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  English  gov 
ernment.     He  distinguished  himself,  when  a  dele 
gate  to  the  Congress  of  1774,  by  his  boldness  and 
eloquence.    In  1776  he  was  appointed  first  governor 
of  Virginia;  and  in  1778,  while  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  met  in  Virginia  to  consider  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  he  strenuously    ) 
opposed  its  adoption.     He  afterward  declined  the    ) 
office  of  Secretary  of  State,  and  died  in  1799.     His    ^ 
name  will  always  be  esteemed  as  that  of  one  of  the    ( 
greatest  orators  and  most  distinguished  patriots  of 
our  country. 

HOWE,  LOED  RICHARD,  a  celebrated  English 
admiral,  born  in  1725.  During  the  Revolutionary 
war  he  had  the  command  of  vessels  on  the  Ameri 
can  coast,  and  acted  in  opposition  to  the  French 
admiral  D'Estning.  In  1782  he  effected  the  relief 
of  Gibraltar,  in  spite  of  the  combined  fleets  of 
France  and  Spain.  He  was  afterward  made  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  and,  in  1794,  obtained  a  most 
decisive  and  important  victory  over  the  French 
fleet.  He  died  in  1799. 


HOWE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  General,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  and  the  successor  of  General  Gage  in 
command  of  the  British  forces  in  America,  arrived 
in  1775,  accompanied  by  Burgoyne.  He  command 
ed  at  Bunker  Hill,  evacuated  Boston  in  the  follow 
ing  spring,  and  took  possession  of  New  York  in 
September,  1776,  having  defeated  the  Americans 
on  Long  Island,  lie  entered  Philadelphia  in  1777, 
and  defeated  the  Americans  at  Germantown  soon 
afterward.  In  1778  he  was  succeeded  by  Clinton, 
and  died  in  1814. 

HOWE,  ROBERT,  major-general  in  the  American 
Revolutionary  war,  was  born  in  North  Carolina 
about  1732.  Although  connectetl  with  the  noble 
family  of  Howe  in  England,  whom  he  visited  in 
early  life,  his  attachment  to  his  country  was  una 
bated,  and,  at  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution, 
he  joined  the  Americans  with  great  zeal.  He  was 
commander  of  the  southern  department,  bnt  labored 
under  many  and  severe  disadvantages,  which  ren 
dered  nearly  all  his  ei?orts  unsuccessful.  He  was 
succeeded  in  command  by  General  Lincoln,  bat  was 
afterward  intrusted  by  Washington  with  various 
important  offices,  and  won  distinction  in  several 
actions.  He  died  in  1785. 

HUDSON,  HENRY,  an  eminent  navigator,  who, 
after  making  three  voyages  to  find  a  northeast  or 
northwest  passage  to  China,  in  the  second  of  which 
he  discovered  the  noble  river  Hudson,  sailed  again 
for  the  fourth  time,  and,  proceeding  westward, 
reached  the  strait  called  after  him,  through  which 
he  advanced  until  it  led  him  to  the  vast  bay  which 
also  bears  his  name.  Here,  the  simply  of  pro 
visions  having  failed,  his  sailors  became  mutinous, 
and  set  him  adrift,  together  with  his  son  and  seven 
infirm  sailors,  in  1610.  The  little  company  was 
never  again  heard  of. 

HULL,  WILLIAM,  General,  was  an  officer  in  the 
American  Revolution.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  war  of  1812,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  northwestern  army,  and  surrendered  at  De 
troit  to  the  British  general,  Brock.  A  court-martial 
was  ordered  to  try  him  on  several  charges,  and,  in 
1814,  he  was  sentenced  to  be  shot;  but,  on  account 
of  his  Revolutionary  services  and  his  age,  he  was 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


recommended  to  mercy,  and  the  President  remitted 
the  execution  of  his  sentence.  It  is  but  justice  to 
add,  that  he  was  blamed  far  more  than  he  deserved, 
and  that  he  was  more  unfortunate  than  guilty.  He 
died  in  1825. 

HUTCHINSON,  ANN,  a  woman  who  caused 
much  trouble  during  the  early  settlement  of  New 
England,  by  pretending  to  enjoy  immediate  revela 
tions,  and  thereby  arousing  a  strong,  but  pernicious, 
religious  enthusiasm.  She  caused  great  dissensions 
among  the  churches,  and,  in  1637,  her  errors  were 
condemned  by  an  ecclesiastical  synod.  She  was 
soon  after  banished  from  the  colony,  and,  in  1G43, 
she  and  the  most  of  her  family,  were  captured  and 
killed  by  the  Indians. 

JACKSON,  AXDIIEW,  the  seventh  President  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  in  South  Carolina,  in 
1707.  At  an  early  age  he  took  part  in  the  struggle 
for  liberty,  after  which  he  studied  law,  and  was 
subsequently  appointed  to  some  high  legal  offices  in 
Tennessee.  At  the  commencement  of  the  war  of 
1812,  he  entered  vigorously  into  measures  of  resist 
ance  and  defense;  in  1814  he  was  appointed  major- 
general;  and  in  1815,  at  New  Orleans,  achieved 
that  signal  victory  over  the  British  forces  which 
raised  him  to  the  very  highest  point  of  popularity, 
and  which  has  ever  since  been  annually  commemo 
rated.  He  was  successful  in  prosecuting  the  Semi- 
nole  war,  and  gained,  by  his  bravery  and  eminent 
services,  such  golden  opinions  with  his  countrymen 
that  he  was  twice  elected  President.  lie  was  noted 
for  his  great  'firmness  and  decision  of  character, 
which  enabled  him  to  fully  carry  out  his  principles, 
notwithstanding  the  violent  opposition  which  he 
encountered,  especially  in  financial  matters.  He 
died  in  1845. 

JEFFERSON,  THOMAS,  third  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1743.  He 
was  a  member  of  Congress  in  1775,  and  took  a  very 
decided  part  againct  British  oppression.  The  Dec 
laration  of  Independence  was  drawn  up  by  him 
exclusively,  although  alterations  and  amendments 
were  afterward  made  by  others.  He  was  governor 
of  Virginia,  minister  to  France,  Secretary  of  State, 
Vice-president  under  John  Adams,  and  finally  Pres 


ident  for  eight  years.  He  then  retired  to  private 
life,  and  died  July  4th,  182G.  He  was  an  acute 
politician,  remarkable  for  his  eloquence  and  great 
persuasive  powers. 

JONES,  JOHN  PAUL,  a  Scotchman,  born  in  1736. 
He  settled  in  America,  and,  in  1775  obtained  the 
command  of  a  ship,  under  Commodore  Hopkins, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  several  engagements, 
for  which  he  received  his  commission  as  captain  of 
the  marine.  Being  ordered  to  France,  he  conceived 
the  design  of  effecting  a  descent  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Great  Britain,  which  he  did  at  Whitehaven 
and  on  the  estate  of  the  Earl  of  Selkirk,  in  Scot 
land.  He  next  took  the  Drake,  sloop-of-war,  with 
which  he  sailed  to  Brest.  In  1779,  in  a  desperate 
engagement  off  Flamborough  Head,  he  captured  the 
British  ship-of-war  Serapis,  of  far  superior  force. 
The  King  of  France  presented  him  with  a  gold- 
hilted  sword,  and,  on  his  return  home,  Congress 
voted  him  a  gold  medal.  After  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  he  was  invited  to  join  the  Russian  service, 
with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral;  but,  after  serving  a 
short  time  in  the  Black  Sea,  he  became  dissatisfied, 
was  calumniated  at  court,  and  received  permission 
from  the  Empress  to  retire.  He  returned  to  Paris, 
where  he  died  in  poverty,  in  1792. 

KOSCIUSKO,  TITADDKUS,  a  Polish  general  and 
patriot,  was  a  native  of  Lithuania.  When  the 
American  colonies  commenced  the  struggle  for  lib 
erty  he  entered  the  army,  and  was  made  a  colonel 
of  engineers  and  aid-de-camp  to  Washington.  lie 
fortified  the  camp  of  General  Gates,  in  the  cam 
paign  against  Burgoyne,  and  afterward  erected  the 
works  at  West  Point.  He  was  highly  esteemed  by 
both  American  and  French  officers,  and  received 
the  thanks  of  Congress  for  his  services.  At  the 
close  of  the  Revolution,  he  returned  to  Poland,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  struggles  of  1792  and 
1794.  He  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Russians,  and  kept  in  confinement  until  the  death 
of  the  Empress  Catharine,  when  he  was  liberated 
by  the  Emperor  Paul,  and  loaded  with  honors. 
He  revisited  America  in  1797,  and  died  in  Switzer 
land,  in  1817.  The  cadets  at  AVest  Point  raised  an 
elegant  monument  to  his  memory,  within  the  works 
which  he  erected. 


80 


MONTEITII'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LAFAYETTE,  GILBERT  MOTTIER,  MARQUIS  DE, 
was  born  in  France,  in  1757.  Although  he  was 
wealthy,  of  high  rank,  and  had  powerful  connections 
at  court,  he  came,  in  1777,  to  join  the  American 
army,  and,  soon  after  his  arrival,  was  appointed 
major-general.  He  raised  and  equipped  a  body  of 
men  at  his  own  expense;  fought  as  a  volunteer  at 
the  battle  of  Brandy  wine;  and,  subsequently,  at 
that  of  Monmouth  ;  and  commanded  Washington's 
vanguard  at  the  surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis.  At 
the  restoration  of  peace  he  returned  to  France,  and 
assisted  in  the  revolution  in  that  country,  in  the 
vain  hope  of  obtaining  liberty  for  his  fellow-coun 
trymen,  without  plunging  them  into  anarchy.  Al 
though  he  was,  at  first,  very  popular,  yet  such  was 
the  fickleness  and  ingratitude  of  the  multitude  that 
he  was  afterward  burnt  in  effigy,  and  accused  of 
treason  against  the  State;  and,  notwithstanding  his 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  liberty,  he  was  obliged  to 
become  an  exile,  in  order  to  preserve  his  life.  lie 
thus  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Austrians,  who  im 
prisoned  him  at  Olmutz,  for  five  years,  where  he 
would  undoubtedly  have  died,  had  it  not  been  for 
the  triumphs  of  Napoleon  in  Italy ;  when,  at  the 
special  demand  of  the  great  conqueror,  he  was  re 
leased.  The  rest  of  his  life  was  by  no*  means  ex 
empt  from  disappointment,  and  but  very  few  of  his 
enthusiastic  hopes  for  the  good  of  his  beloved 
country  were  ever  realized,  lie  visited  America 
in  1824,  and  was  received  with  a  perfect  ovation 
from  the  whole  country.  He  retired  to  domestic 
life,  and  died  in  1834,  universally  regretted  as  one 
of  the  founders  of  our  liberty. 

LAWRENCE,  JAMES,  a  distinguished  naval  com 
mander,  was  a  native  of  New  Jersey.  He  accom 
panied  Decatur,  in  the  Tripolitan  war,  in  the  dan 
gerous  exploit  of  destroying  the  frigate  Philadelphia, 
and  remained  several  years  in  the  Mediterranean. 
In  1813,  while  cruising  off  the  capes  of  the  Dela 
ware  in  the  Hornet,  he  encountered  the  British 
brig  Peacock,  and  captured  it  in  fifteen  minutes, 
lie  was  afterward  raised  to  the  rank  of  post-cap 
tain,  and  intrusted  with  the  command  of  the  frigate 
Chesapeake.  While  in  Boston  Roads,  nearly  ready 
for  sea,  the  British  frigate  Shannon  appeared  off 
the  harbor,  making  signals  expressive  of  a  chal 
lenge.  Captain  Lawrence  accepted  it,  and  put  to 


sea,  the  Shannon  bearing  away  until  the  Chesapeake 
hauled  up  and  fired  a  gun.  Soon  after  the  action 
commenced  Captain  Lawrence  was  wounded  in  the 
leg,  and  soon  received  a  mortal  wound.  Being 
carried  below,  he  cried  out  to  his  men,  "Don't  give 
up  the  ship."  After  an  action  of  eleven  minutes, 
the  Chesapeake  was  captured.  Captain  Lawrreiice 
died  shortly  of  his  wounds,  and  was  honorably 
buried  at  Halifax.  The  result  of  the  action  was 
what  might  have  been  anticipated,  for  the  crew  of 
the  Chesapeake  were  almost  in  a  state  of  mutiny, 
and  Captain  Lawrence  took  counsel  of  his  courage, 
rather  than  his  prudence. 

LEE,  CHARLES,  a  major-general  in  the  American 
Revolutionary  army,  was  a  native  of  England,  and 
entered  the  military  profession  at  an  early  age.  In 
1775  he  received  a  commission  from  Congress,  with 
the  rank  of  major-general,  and  in  1776  received  the 
command  of  New  York,  and  afterwrard  that  of  the 
southern  department,  w^here  he  obtained  merited 
distinction.  In  December,  1776,  he  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  British,  and  retained  until  the  sur 
render  of  Burgoyne.  The  battle  of  Monmouth  ter 
minated  his  military  career,  having  acted  during 
the  engagement  in  a  very  disobedient  and  disre 
spectful  manner  toward  the  commander-in-chief, 
for  which  Washington  reprimanded  him  severely. 
Enraged  at  the  indignity  which  he  imagined  himself 
to  have  received,  he  wrote  to  Washington,  chal 
lenging  him  to  a  duel.  For  this,  as  well  as  disobe 
dience  to  orders,  and  misbehavior  before  the  enemy, 
he  was  cited  before  a  court-martial,  and  suspended 
from  holding  any  commission  in  the  United  States 
army  for  the  space  of  one  year.  He  retired  to  a 
hovel  in  Virginia,  where  he  lived  in  entire  seclu 
sion,  surrounded  by  his  books  and  dogs.  He  died 
at  Philadelphia,  in  1782. 

LEE,  HEXRY,  governor  of  Virginia,  and  a  distin 
guished  officer  in  the  Revolution,  was  born  in  1756. 
At  the  battle  of  Germantown,  Lee,  with  his  com 
pany,  formed  Washington's  body-guard.  He  was 
afterward  sent  to  the  South,  where  he  remained, 
under  General  Greene,  until  the  close  of  the  war, 
distinguishing  himself  at  the  battles  of  Guilford  and 
Eutaw  Springs.  lie  was  afterward  a  member  of 
Congress,  and  governor  of  Virginia,  lledied  in  1818. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


81 


LEE,  RICHARD  HEXRY,  an  eminent  American 
patriot,  was  born  in  1732.  He  had  the  honor  of 
originating  the  first  resistance  to  British  oppres 
sion,  at  the  enaction  of  the  Stamp  Act,  in  1765 ; 
was  a  member  of  the  first  Congress,  in  1774;  and 
in  June,  1776,  he  introduced  the  resolution  declar 
ing  the  colonies  free  and  independent  States,  and 
supported  it  by  a  most  brilliant  speech.  The  second 
eloquent  address  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain  was 
drawn  up  by  him  as  chairman  of  the  committee. 
He  was  afterward  president  of  Congress,  a  member 
of  the  Virginia  Assembly,  and  of  the  convention 
which  adopted  the  present  Constitution ;  and  one 
of  the  first  senators  under  it.  He  retired  to  private 
life,  and  died  in  1794. 

LINCOLN,  BENJAMIN,  an  eminent  American 
Revolutionary  general,  was  born  in  Massachusetts, 
and  in  1775  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  militia. 
At  General  Washington's  recommendation,  he  was 
appointed  major-general  in  the  continental  army. 
In  1777  Lincoln  was  dispatched  to  the  northern 
army,  under  Gates,  to  assist  in  opposing  Burgoyne. 
Having  been  seriously  wounded  in  the  leg,  he  was 
conveyed  to  his  residence  at  Hingham,  but  soon 
after  was  appointed  by  Congress  to  conduct  the 
war  in  the  South.  The  British  general,  Prevost, 
having  fortified  himself  in  Savannah,  an  expedition 
was  planned  against  that  city,  in  conjunction  with 
the  fleet  under  Count  D'Estaing.  The  attack  was 
bold  but  unfortunate,  and  General  Lincoln  returned 
to  Charleston,  where  he  importuned  Congress  in 
vain  for  proper  means  of  defense ;  and  was  obliged, 
after  enduring  a  constant  cannonade  of  a  month,  to 
capitulate  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  whose  forces  were 
far  superior  to  his  own.  This  unfortunate  affair 
did  not,  however,  affect  his  reputation  among 
his  countrymen.  In  1781,  Lincoln  performed  a 
very  efficient  part  at  Yorktown,  and  to  him  was 
allotted  the  duty  of  receiving  the  submission, 
and  directing  the  distribution  of  the  conquered 
troops.  He  was  afterward  made  Secretary  of 
War,  Lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
collector  of  the  port  of  Boston.  He  died  in  1810. 

LIVINGSTON",  PHILIP,  a  signer  of  the  Declara 
tion,  and  eminent  patriot.  He  was  eminent  among 
the  merchants  of  New  York,  and,  by  his  superior 


abilities  and  education,  was  soon  at  their  head.  In 
the  Legislature,  at  Albany,  he  directed  attention  to 
the  great  interests  of  commerce,  New  York  then 
being  behind  Philadelphia  in  her  exports  and  im 
ports.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  in  1776,  and 
not  only  signed,  but  strenuously  advocated  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Senate  of  New  York,  and  was  elected  to 
Congress  under  the  new  State  constitution.  He 
died  in  1778. 

LIVINGSTON,  ROBERT  R.,  chancellor  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  studied  law,  and  was  appointed 
recorder  of  the  city,  which  office  he  resigned  at 
the  commencement  of  the  Revolution.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  in  1776,  and  was  on  the  com 
mittee  to  draw  up  the  Declaration.  He  was  ap 
pointed  Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs  in  1781,  and 
matters  at  home  were  also  partly  submitted  to  him. 
On  his  resignation,  in  1783,  he  received  the  thanks 
of  Congress.  He  was  afterward  minister-plenipo 
tentiary  to  France,  and,  assisted  by  Mr.  Monroe, 
purchased  Louisiana  for  $15,000,000.  He  resigned 
his  office,  and  traveled  through  Europe,  returning 
to  America  in  1805.  He  was  instrumental  in  the 
introduction  of  steam-navigation  into  the  United 
States,  through  his  intimacy  with  Robert  Fulton, 
whom  he  assisted  by  his  advice  and  money.  He 
also  introduced  the  merino  sheep,  and  the  use  of 
gypsum.'  He  died  in  1813. 

LIVINGSTON,  EDWARD,  a  most  eminent  lawyer, 
born  in  1764.  He  removed  to  Louisiana,  shortly 
after  the  purchase  of  that  State,  and  was  there  ap 
pointed  to  revise  the  whole  system  of  jurisprudence. 
This  he  did  in  such  a  manner  as  gained  him  an 
exalted  reputation,  not  only  in  America,  but  in 
Europe.  He  was  afterward  Secretary  of  State  and 
minister  to  France.  He  died  in  1836. 

MACDONOUGH,  THOMAS,  Commodore,  was  a 
native  of  Delaware,  and  served  as  a  midshipman  in 
the  American  fleet  sent  to  the  Mediterranean.  In 
1814  he  obtained  a  splendid  victory  over  the  British, 
on  Lake  Champlain,  for  which  service  the  State  of 
New  York  gave  him  1000  acres  of  land  on  the 
bay  in  which  the  battle  was  fought.  He  died  in 
1825. 


11 


82 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


MACOMB,  ALEXANDER,  a  major-general  in  the 
United  States  arm}7,  was  born  in  1782.  During  the 
war  of  1812  he  was  appointed  colonel,  and  distin 
guished  himself  at  Niagara  and  Fort  George.  He 
was  made  brigadier-general  in  1814,  and  command 
ed  at  the  battle  of  Plattsburg,  where  he  obtained  a 
signal  victory,  in  connection  with  Macdonough. 
This  great  service  won  him  the  title  of  major- 
general,  and  the  universal  applause  of  the  country. 
In  1835  he  succeeded  to  the  office  of  commander- 
in-cliief  of  the  army,  which  he  retained  until  his 
death,  in  1841. 

MADISON,  JAMES,  fourth  President  of  the  Uni 
ted  States,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1751,  and 
studied  law  in  his  native  State.  In  1776  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  con 
stitution  of  Virginia;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Con 
tinental  Congress  in  1780;  and  afterward  to  the 
convention  which  formed  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  in  which  he  took  an  important  part. 
He  remained  in  Congress  until  the  close  of  Wash 
ington's  administration,  and,  on  Jefferson's  acces 
sion  to  the  Presidency,  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
State,  which  office  he  held  eight  years,  when  he 
was  elected  President.  The  declaration  of  war 
against  Great  Britain,  in  1812,  was  the  most  im 
portant  measure  of  his  administration.  After  serv 
ing  two  terms,  he  retired  to  his  residence  at  Mont- 
pelier,  and  died  in  1836. 

MARION,  FRANCIS,  a  distinguished  officer  in  the 
Revolutionary  war,  was  a  native  of  South  Carolina. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  war  between  the 
colonies  and  England,  he  commanded  a  company 
in  his  native  State.  In  1776  he  co-operated  bravely 
at  the  siege  of  Fort  Moultrie,  and  acted  as  lieuten 
ant-colonel  commandant  of  a  regiment  at  the  siege 
of  Charleston.  He  was  afterward  brigadier-general 
of  the  militia  of  South  Carolina,  and  was  an  inde 
fatigable  partisan.  Many  characteristic  anecdotes 
are  related  of  his  exploits  in  this  capacity ;  and,  be- 
•  sides  his  distinction  in  partisan  warfare,  he  acquired 
great  reputation  in  besieging  the  captured  posts  held 
by  the  enemy.  At  Georgetown,  Fort  Watson,  Fort 
Mosto,  Granby,  Parker's  Ferry,  and  Eutaw,  he 
highly  distinguished  himself.  He  died  in  1795, 
leaving  a  high  personal,  as  well  as  military  character. 


MERCER,  HUGH,  Brigadier-general,  was  a  native 
of  Scotland,  emigrated  to  America,  and  settled  in 
Virginia.  He  served  with  Washington  in  the  war 
against  the  French  and  Indians,  and  was  held  by 
him  in  high  esteem.  He  was  with  Braddock  in 
1755,  was  wounded  in  the  action  at  Fort  Du  Quesne, 
and  narrowly  escaped  being  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Indians.  He  then  traveled  alone  through  a  wilder 
ness  one  hundred  miles  in  extent,  when  he  arrived 
at  Fort  Cumberland.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
Revolution  he  abandoned  his  extensive  medical 
practice,  and  entered  the  army.  He  was  distin 
guished  at  the  battle  of  Trenton,  and  at  Princeton 
commanded  the  van  of  the  Americans.  While 
exerting  himself  to  the  utmost,  his  horse  was  killed 
under  him,  and  some  British  soldiers  instantly 
surrounded  him,  refusing  him  quarter,  stabbing  him 
with  their  bayonets,  and  beating  his  head  with  the 
but-end  of  their  muskets,  until  they  left  him  for 
dead.  He  lingered,  however,  about  a  fortnight,  and 
died  January  19th,  1777. 

MIFFLIN,  THOMAS,  a  Revolutionary  patriot,  was 
born  in  1744.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  Con 
gress,  and,  when  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexing 
ton  arrived,  he  roused  his  fellow-citizens  to  take 
up  arms,  and  repaired  to  Boston,  with  the  rank  of 
major,  where  he  was  distinguished  for  his  coolness 
and  bravery.  He  was  afterward  appointed  quarter 
master-general,  subsequently  brigadier-general,  and 
major-general.  In  1783  he  was  elected  to  Con 
gress,  and  presided  over  that  body ;  in  1788,  suc 
ceeded  Franklin  as  president  of  the  Supreme  Exec 
utive  Council  of  Pennsylvania ;  and  was  afterward 
governor  of  the  State.  He  commanded  the  troops 
during  the  Whisky  Insurrection,  and  died  January 
21st,  1800. 

MONROE,  JA&ES,  fifth  President  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1759,  entered  the 
Revolutionary  army  in  1776,  was  at  the  battles  of 
Harlem  Heights,  White  Plains,  and  Trenton;  at 
Brandy  wine,  Germantown,  and  Monmouth,  as  aid 
to  Lord  Stirling.  After  being  a  member  of  the 
Assembly  of  Virginia,  he  was  elected  to  Congress 
in  1783;  in  1790,  was  chosen  senator;  in  1794, 
went  as  minister -plenipotentiary  to  France;  and  in 
1799  was  appointed  governor  of  Virginia.  In  1803 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


83 


he  was  appointed  minister-extraordinary  to  France, 
in  the  same  year  minister  to  London,  and,  in  the 
next,  minister  to  Spain.  In  1811  he  was  made 
Secretary  of  State,  and  continued  in  that  office 
until  1817,  when  he  was  elected  President;  and  in 
1821  was  re-elected  almost  unanimously.  He  died 
July  4th,  1831. 

MONTGOMERY,  RICHAKD,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  settled  in  the  State  of  New  York  previous  to 
the  Revolution.  He  had  served  under  Wolfe  at  the 
taking  of  Quebec,  and  had  earned  a  deservedly 
high  military  reputation.  Taking  a  decided  part 
with  the  colonies  against  the  mother-country,  he 
was,  in  1775,  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
northern  department  of  the  continental  army,  in 
conjunction  with  General  Schuyler,  who  was  com 
pelled  by  sickness  to  remain  inactive,  so  that  the 
whole  command  devolved  upon  Montgomery.  He 
captured  Fort  Charnbly,  St.  John's,  and  Mon 
treal,  and  proceeded  to  besiege  Quebec.  The  siege 
commenced  in  December,  and,  on  the  last  day  of 
the  month,  he  attempted  to  carry  the  place  by 
storm,  but,  in  the  attempt,  he  and  two  of  his  aids 
were  killed,  and  the  enterprize,  of  course,  aban 
doned.  A  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory 
in  front  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  New  York ;  and  in 
1818  his  remains  were  brought  from  Canada  and 
deposited  there,  with  the  highest  honors. 

MORGAN,  DANIEL,  a  distinguished  officer  in  the 
American  Revolution,  was  a  native  of  New  Jersey. 
He  was  a  private  soldier  in  Braddock's  expedition, 
and,  at  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution,  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  a  troop  of  horse,  and 
joined  the  army  under  Washington.  He  distin 
guished  himself  greatly  in  the  expedition  against 
Quebec,  was  taken  captive,  and  retained  until  the 
exchange  of  prisoners.  He  was  afterward  sent  to 
assist  Gates  in  the  capture  of  Burgoyne,  and  de 
feated  Tarleton  at  the  battle  of  Cowpens.  He 
commanded  the  militia  of  Virginia  in  the  suppres 
sion  of  the  Pennsylvania  Whisky  Insurrection; 
was  elected  to  Congress,  and  died  in  1802. 

MORRIS,  ROBEKT,  a  celebrated  financier,  was  a 
native  of  England,  came  to  America  at  an  early 
age,  and  subsequently  established  himself  as  a  mer 


chant,  in  Philadelphia.  In  1775  he  was  a  delegate 
to  Congress,  and  signed  the  Declaration  in  1776. 
In  1781  he  obtained  the  control  of  the  public 
finances,  and  rendered  incalculable  service  by  de 
voting  his  entire  wealth  to  his  country's  service,  at 
a  time  when  its  fortunes  were  at  the  lowest  ebb. 
He  was  afterward  a  senator  in  Congress.  In  his 
old  age  he  lost  his  large  fortune  by  unfortunate 
speculations ;  and,  to  the  lasting  shame  of  the  coun 
try  who  owed  its  liberty  in  part  to  his  exertions, 
he  was  permitted  to  spend  his  last  years  in  impris 
onment  for  debt.  He  died  in  1806. 

MOULTRIE,  WILLIAM,  a  major-general  in  the 
Revolutionary  army,  was  born  in  England,  but 
emigrated  to  South  Carolina  at  an  early  age.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Cherokee  war,  and, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  was  a  member 
of  the  Provincial  Congress,  and  colonel  of  a  regi 
ment.  For  his  brave  defense  of  Sullivan's  Island 
he  received  the  thanks  of  Congress,  and  the  fort 
was  afterward  called  by  his  name.  In  1779  he 
defeated  the  British  at  Beaufort;  was  afterward 
appointed  major-general,  and  was  second  in  com 
mand  to  General  Lincoln  at  the  siege  of  Charleston. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  repeatedly  chosen 
governor  of  South  Carolina.  He  died  in  1805. 

OGLETHORPE,  JAMES,  an  Englishman,  who  was 
appointed  trustee  of  the  colony  of  Georgia  in  1732. 
He  founded  the  town  of  Savannah,  negotiated 
treaties  with  the  Indians,  and  in  1742  successfully 
defended  the  infant  colony  from  a  powerful  force 
sent  against  it  by  Spain.  He  died  in  1785. 

PENN,  WILLIAM,  the  founder  and  legislator  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  London,  in  1644.  Hav 
ing  imbibed  the  principles  of  Quakerism,  he  began 
to  preach  in  public,  and  to  write  in  defense  of  the 
doctrines  which  he  had  embraced.  For  this  he 
was  thrice  imprisoned,  and  once  brought  to  trial. 
In  1677  he  visited  Holland  and  Germany  to  propa 
gate  Quakerism.  Soon  after  his  return  to  England, 
Charles  II.  granted  him  that  territory  now  called 
Pennsylvania,  in  consideration  of  the  services  of 
his  father,  Admiral  Penn,  and  for  a  debt  due  to 
him  from  the  crown.  In  1682  he  embarked  for 
America,  and,  during  the  next  year  founded  Phila- 


84 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


delphia.  His  principles  were  those  of  religious 
toleration,  justice,  and  kindness,  especially  toward 
the  Indians,  who  regarded  him  with  reverent  affec 
tion.  He  returned  to  England  in  1684,  but  visited 
his  province  again  in  1699,  remaining  there  until 
1701.  He  died  in  1718.  His  character  was  most 
exemplary ;  and  he  was  regarded,  both  by  the  col 
onists  and  natives,  in  the  light  of  a  kind  and  judi 
cious  parent. 

PERRY,  OLIVER  HAZARD,  an  eminent  American 
naval  officer,  was  born  in  Rhode  Island,  in  1785. 
He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  in  1798,  and 
served  in  the  Mediterranean  during  the  war  with 
Tripoli ;  and  was  only  prevented  by  his  extreme 
youth  from  even  then  acquiring  renown.  In  the 
war  of  1812  he  achieved  a  splendid  victory  over  a 
superior  British  force  on  Lake  Erie,  which  exploit 
has  secured  his  name  a  permanent  place  in  the 
history  of  his  country.  For  this  great  service  he 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  captain.  He  commanded 
the  Java  in  the  expedition  to  the  Mediterranean, 
under  Commodore  Decatur.  He  afterward  sailed 
to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  died  of  yellow  fever, 
in  1820. 

PHILIP,  the  sachem  of  Pokanoket,  known  as 
King  Philip,  conceived  a  terrible  plan  for  the  utter 
extermination  of  the  whites  in  1675.  The  Indians 
throughout  the  whole  colonies  were  prepared  to 
take  sudden  and  complete  vengeance  on  the  usurp 
ers  of  their  rights,  but  the  whites  fortunately  re 
ceived  intimation  of  the  intended  attack.  The  war, 
however,  began,  and  the  colonists  suffered  much 
from  the  ferocity  of  the  savages  until  1676,  when 
Philip  was  killed  by  a  party  commanded  by  Cap 
tain  Church. 

PITT,  WILLIAM,  Earl  of  Chatham,  a  celebrated 
English  statesman,  whose  fame  is  unsurpassed  in 
the  annals  of  eloquence.  He  strenuously  opposed 
the  oppressive  measures  of  Great  Britain  toward 
her  American  colonies,  and  some  of  his  finest 
speeches  were  made  in  our  behalf.  On  one  of  these 
occasions,  after  the  Duke  of  Richmond  had  replied 
to  his  arguments  in  favor  of  conciliation,  he  rose 
to  answer  his  opponent,  but  his  strength  was  inad 
equate  to  the  attempt,  and  he  fell  in  a  fit,  in  the 


arms  of  those  around  him.     He  died  shortly  after 
ward,  in  May,  1778. 

PIZARRO,  FRANCIS,  the  conqueror  of  Peru,  was 
born  at  Truxillo,  in  1475.  In  1524,  in  conjunction 
with  Almagro,  he  discovered  Peru,  and  obtained 
the  government  of  the  new  country  from  Charles 
V.  He  achieved  the  conquest  of  Peru  by  force  and 
fraud,  using  means,  and  perpetrating  atrocities, 
worse  than  barbarous.  A  contest  having  arisen 
between  Pizarro  arid  Almagro,  the  latter  was  de 
feated  and  executed ;  but  his  death  was  revenged 
by  his  son  and  friends,  who  assassinated  Pizarro  in 
his  palace  at  Lima,  in  1541. 

POCAHONTAS,  daughter  of  the  Indian  chief, 
Powhatan.  She  is  greatly  celebrated  in  the  early 
history  of  Virginia  as  having  saved  the  life  of  Cap 
tain  John  Smith,  when  about  to  be  put  to  death,  at 
the  risk  of  her  own.  She  rendered  the  whites 
great  service,  by  disclosing  the  plots  of  the  savages, 
and  protecting  them  from  the  effects  of  her  father's 
animosity.  She  afterward  married  John  Rolfe,  an 
Englishman,  who  took  her  with  him  to  England, 
where  her  society  was  sought  after  by  those  of  the 
highest  rank.  She  died  at  Gravesend,  when  about 
to  return  to  Virginia,  at  the  early  age  of  22,  leav 
ing  one  son,  many  of  whose  descendants  still  reside 
in  Virginia. 

POLK,  JAMES  KNOX,  eleventh  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  in  1795. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  bar  in  Tennessee,  and 
soon  took  a  high  rank  among  his  colleagues.  In 
1825  he  was  chosen  to  Congress;  was  afterward 
governor  of  Tennessee;  and  in  1844  was  elected 
President.  During  his  administration  Texas  was 
annexed,  and  the  war  with  Mexico  successfully 
terminated.  He  died  soon  after  the  close  of  the 
Presidential  term,  in  1849. 

POWHATAN",  a  famous  Indian  sachem  of  Vir 
ginia,  noted  for  his  artful  policy.  He  was  averse 
to  the  English  until  the  marriage  of  his  daughter 
Pocahontas  to  John  Rolfe,  after  which  he  remained 
faithful  to  them.  He  died  in  1618. 

PREBLE,   EDWARD,  a   distinguished  American 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


85 


naval  officer,  was  born  in  1761,  and  entered  the 
navy  as  midshipman  in  1779.  During  the  Revo 
lution  he  captured  a  British  vessel  at  Penobscot. 
In  1803  he  commanded  a  fleet  sent  against  the 
Barbary  powers,  and  settled  the  difficulties  with 
them  on  the  most  favorable  terms.  He  died  in 
1807. 

PULASKI,  COUNT,  a  celebrated  soldier,  was  a 
native  of  Poland,  and  made  brave,  though  fruitless, 
efforts  to  restore  his  country  to  independence.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  during  the  Revolution, 
was  appointed  brigadier-general,  and  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  attack  on  Savannah,  in  1779.  Con 
gress  voted  to  erect  a  monument  to  his  memory. 

PUTNAM,  ISRAEL,  an  officer  in  the  American 
Revolution,  was  born  in  Massachusetts,  in  1718. 
He  was  a  farmer  in  Connecticut,  and  afterward 
engaged  in  the  French  war,  in  which  he  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  suffered  terrible  tortures.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  Revolution  he  joined  the 
army,  was  appointed  major-general,  and  distin 
guished  himself  at  Bunker  Hill.  He  held  an  im 
portant  command  during  the  whole  war,  and  was 
noted  for  his  great  firmness  and  indomitable  will. 
His  last  military  service  was  that  of  superintending 
the  erection  of  the  works  at  West  Point,  by  the 
direction  of  Washington.  He  was  afflicted  with  a 
paralytic  stroke  in  1779,  which  destroyed  his  activ 
ity,  and  compelled  him  to  pass  the  remainder  of  his 
life  in  retirement.  He  died  in  1790. 

RALEIGH,  SIR  WALTER,  an  illustrious  English 
navigator  and  historian,  was  born  in  Devonshire, 
in  1552.  He  discovered  Virginia,  which  he  named 
for  his  virgin  queen,  Elizabeth.  He  defeated  the 
Spanish  Armada,  and  lived  in  prosperity  until  the 
death  of  the  queen,  when  he  was  cruelly  treated 
by  King  James,  unjustly  accused  of  high  treason, 
tried,  and  condemned  to  die.  Being  reprieved,  he 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London,  and,  during 
a  long  term  of  years,  solaced  himself  by  writing ; 
and,  among  other  works,  composed  his  "  History 
of  the  World."  He  afterward  received  a  commis 
sion  from  the  king  to  explore  the  gold  mines  in 
Guiana,  but  the  expedition  was  a  failure,  being 
defeated  by  the  Spaniards.  Raleigh  returned  to 


England,  was  received  coldly,  and,  as  no  blame 
could  be  attached  to  his  conduct  in  Guiana,  he  was 
arrested,  and  his  execution  ordered,  on  his  former 
attainder;  and  he  was  finally  beheaded  in  1618. 
His  whole  life  was  one  of  service  to  his  country, 
and  his  treatment  by  the  king  was  most  grossly 
unjust  and  cruel. 

ROCHAMBEAU,  JEAN  BAPTISTE  DONATIEN  DE 
VIMEUE,  COUNT  DE,  marshal  of  France,  was  born  at 
Vendome,  in  1725,  and  entered  the  army  in  1741. 
In  1780  he  was  sent,  with  6000  men,  to  the  assist 
ance  of  the  Americans.  Having  disembarked  in 
Rhode  Island,  he  acted  in  concert  with  Washing 
ton,  first  against  Clinton  in  New  York,  and  then 
against  Cornwallis,  rendering  important  services  at 
Yorktown,  which  were  rewarded  by  his  promotion 
to  the  rank  of  marshal.  During  Robespierre's 
reign  of  terror,  he  was  arrested,  and  narrowly 
escaped  death.  He  was  afterward  presented  to 
Bonaparte,  who  granted  him  a  pension  and  the 
cross  of  grand  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He 
died  in  1807. 

SCHUYLER,  PHILIP,  major-general  in  the  Amer 
ican  army,  was  appointed  to  that  office  in  1775,  and 
sent  to  the  fortifications  in  northern  New  York  to 
prepare  for  the  invasion  of  Canada.  He  afterward 
fell  under  some  unjust  suspicion,  and  was  super 
seded  in  the  chief  command  by  General  Gates.  He 
was  a  member  of  Congress,  and  afterward  twice  a 
senator.  He  died  in  1804. 

SHERMAN",  ROGER,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration, 
was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1721,  received  a  com 
mon-school  education,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a 
shoemaker.  His  love  for  learning  would  not  allow 
him  to  rest  content  with  his  lowly  station,  and  he 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law.  He  became 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  which  office  he  held 
for  twenty-three  years.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Congress  of  1774,  and  remained  in  that  body  for 
nineteen  years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  conven 
tion  which  formed  the  Constitution  of  the  United' 
States,  and  was  elected  senator  in  1791.  He  died 
in  1793. 

SMITH,  JOHN,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Vir- 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


ginia,  was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1579.  After 
passing  through  a  variety  of  wonderful  adventures, 
he  resolved  to  visit  North  America,  and  came  to 
Virginia  in  1607.  Here  his  life  was  saved  by  Po- 
cahontas,  and  he  afterward  contributed  greatly  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  colony.  He  died  in  1631 

STAKDISH,  MILES,  the  first  military  command 
er  at  Plymouth,  New  England,  accompanied  Mr. 
Robinson's  congregation  to  Plymouth  in  1620.  He 
was  there  chosen  captain,  and  rendered  most  im 
portant  services  in  the  conflicts  with  the  Indians. 
His  exploits  were  noted  for  their  daring,  and  his 
escapes  were  frequently  almost  miraculous.  He 
died  in  1656. 

STARK,  JOHN,  a  general  in  the  American  Revo 
lution,  was  born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1728.  He 
fought  in  the  French  war,  and,  immediately  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  joined  the  army  at 
Cambridge.  He  was  at  the  battles  of  Bunker  Hill 
and  Trenton,  and  achieved  a  splendid  victory  at 
Bennington.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- gen 
eral,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  enterprise  and 
courage.  He  died  in  1822. 

SULLIVAN,  JOHN,  an  officer  in  the  American 
Revolution,  was  born  in  Maine.  In  1775  he  was 
made  brigadier-general.  The  next  year  he  was 
sent  to  Canada,  and,  on  the  death  of  General 
Thomas,  the  command  of  the  army  devolved  on 
him.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major- 
genera],  and  was  soon  after  captured  by  the  British, 
in  the  battle  on  Long  Island.  He  commanded  a 
division  of  the  army  at  the  battles  of  Trenton, 
Brandywine,  and  Germantown ;  and  was  the  sole 
commander  of  an  expedition  to  the  island  of  New 
port,  which  failed  from  want  of  co-operation  from 
the  French  fleet.  In  1779  he  commanded  an  expe 
dition  against  the  Indians;  was  afterward  a  mem 
ber  of  Congress,  and  for  three  years  President  of 
New  Hampshire.  At  his  death,  in  1795,  he  was 
Judge  of  the  District  Court. 

TAYLOR,  ZACHAET,  twelfth  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1784.  He 
served  in  the  war  of  1812,  and,  for  his  bravery, 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  major.  He  was  after 


ward  engaged  in  the  Indian  war,  both  in  Florida 
and  Arkansas,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  general. 
During  the  war  with  Mexico  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  valor,  as  well  as  his  ability,  and  gained  the 
brilliant  victories  of  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma, 
Monterey,  and  Buena  Vista.  After  the  war  he  re 
turned  to  his  residence  at  Baton  Rouge ;  was  elect 
ed  President  in  1848,  and  died  suddenly,  of  cholera, 
in  1850. 

TECUMSEH,  a  renowned  Indian  warrior,  born 
in  Ohio  about  1770.  He  was  hostile  to  the  whites, 
and,  in  1806,  matured  a  project  of  a  confederacy 
of  all  the  western  Indians  against  the  whites.  The 
battle  of  Tippecanoe,  in  which  General  Harrison 
defeated  the  brother  of  Tecumseh,  completely 
crushed  the  hopes  of  the  brothers.  During  the 
last  war  with  England,  Tecumseh  was  an  ally  of  the 
king,  and  held  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  com 
manding  about  2000  Indians.  He  was  present  at 
several  engagements,  and  was  eventually  killed  by 
Colonel  Johnson,  at  the  battle  of  Moravian  Towns, 
October  5th,  1813. 

WARREN,  JOSEPH,  a  major-general  in  the  Amer 
ican  Revolution,  was  born  in  Roxbury,  in  1740, 
and  pursued  the  study  of  medicine.  His  ardent 
love  of  his  country  would  not  allow  him  to  remain 
quiet  while  Great  Britain  was  daily  becoming  more 
and  more  tyrannical,  and  he  exerted  himself  greatly 
in  the  cause  of  liberty.  He  was  made  innjor-gen- 
eral  four  days  before  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and 
was  killed  just,  at  the  commencement  of  the  retreat. 
The  glory  of  Bunker  Hill  is  closely  connected  with 
the  name  of  General  Warren. 

WASHINGTON,  GEOKGE,  the  founder  of  Amer 
ican  independence,  was  born  in  Virginia,  where  his 
father  was  possessed  of  great  landed  property,  in 
1732.  Great  attention  was  paid  to  his  education, 
especially  in  the  studies  of  mathematics  and  engi 
neering.  He  was  first  employed  by  Governor  Din- 
widdie,  in  1753,  to  remonstrate  with  the  French 
commander  on  the  Ohio,  for  the  infraction  of  the 
treaty  between  the  two  nations.  He  subsequently 
received  the  thanks  of  the  British  government  for 
his  honorable  services  in  negotiating  a  treaty  of 
amity  with  the  Indians  in  the  back  settlements.  In 


BIOGRAPHICAL    SKETCHES. 


the  unfortunate  expedition  under  General  Brad- 
dock,  he  served  as  aid-de-camp;  and,  after  the 
defeat  of  the  army,  showed  great  military  talent  in 
conducting  its  retreat.  He  retired  from  the  service 
with  the  rank  of  colonel,  and,  while  engaged  in  the 
peaceful  pursuits  of  his  home  at  Mount  Yernon, 
was  elected  senator  in  the  national  council  for 
Frederick  county,  and  afterward  for  Fairfax.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  Revolution,  he  was 
selected  to  take  the  chief  command  of  the  provin 
cial  troops ;  and,  from  the  moment  of  entering 
upon  this  important  office,  he  directed  his  whole 
energies  to  the  accomplishment  of  one  object, — the 
independence  of  his  country.  The  record  of  his 
services  is  the  history  of  the  whole  war.  He  joined 
the  army  at  Cambridge,  in  July,  1775.  On  the 
evacuation  of  Boston,  in  March,  1776,  he  proceeded 
to  New  York.  The  battle  of  Long  Island  was 
fought  August  27th,  and  that  of  White  Plains,  Oc 
tober  28th.  He  crossed  the  Delaware  December 
25th,  and  soon  gained  the  victories  of  Trenton  and 
Princeton.  The  battles  of  Brandywine,  German- 
town,  and  Monmouth,  followed  in  1777  and  1778 ; 
and  in  1779  and  1780  he  continued  in  the  vicinity 
of  New  York,  and  closed  the  military  operations 
of  the  war  by  the  capture  of  Corn  wall  is,  at  York- 
town,  in  1781.  When  the  treaty  of  peace  was 
signed,  Washington  resigned  his  office,  and  retired 
into  private  life,  followed  by  the  unbounded  ap 
plause  of  his  country.  His  high  character  and 
services  naturally  entitled  him  to  the  noblest  gift  in 
the  bestowal  of  the  people ;  and,  on  the  organiza 
tion  of  the  government,  he  was  chosen  the  first 
President  of  the  country,  which  owed  its  liberty  to 
his  exertions.  It  was  a  period  of  great  difficulty 
and  danger.  The  French  envoy,  Genet,  had,  by  his 
intrigues,  incited  a  spirit  of  rebellion  among  the 
factious,  who  were  eager  to  join  the  French  in  their 
revolutionary  struggles.  Washington,  by  his  pru 
dence  and  firmness,  subdued  insurrection,  and  si 
lenced  discontent,  until  those  who  had  been  most 
eager  in  their  wild  enthusiasm,  were  convinced  of 
their  own  imprudence,  and  their  President's  wis 
dom.  In  1795,  Washington  completed  the  business 
of  his  office  by  signing  a  commercial  treaty  with 
Great  Britain,  and  then  voluntarily  resigned  his 
office,  at  a  moment  when  the  whole  country  was 
united  to  again  bestow  the  supreme  executive  power 


upon  him.  He  again  devoted  himself  to  agricultu 
ral  pursuits,  at  his  beloved  Mount  Vernon ;  and, 
though  he  accepted  the  command  of  the  army,  in 
1798,  it  wras  merely  to  unite  the  affections  of  his 
fellow-citizens  to  the  general  good,  and  was  one 
more  sacrifice  to  his  high  sense  of  duty.  He  died, 
after  a  short  illness,  December  14th,  1799,  and  was 
followed  to  his  grave  by  the  filial  sorrow  and  ven 
eration  of  his  country.  History  has  no  parallel  to 
the  character  of  Washington.  Every  virtue  seemed 
to  unite  in  forming  his  character,  and  never  were 
patience,  forbearance,  and  firmness,  more  called 
into  exercise,  or  more  gloriously  displayed.  He  ex 
hibits  a  rare  example  of  a  politician  whose  motives 
were  always  sincere,  always  what  they  seemed. 
Never  has  the  world  seen  one  whose  merits  were 
so  unanimously  acknowledged  by  his  countrymen, 
or  who  so  united  the  power  of  governing  with 
mingled  firmness  and  affection.  His  name  stands 
alone,  among  all  the  great  men  of  his  age,  hallowed 
by  the  well-earned  title  of  the  Father  of  his  Coun 
try. 

WAYNE,  ANTHONY,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania, 
in  1746.  He  entered  the  army  as  colonel  in  1775, 
served  under  Gates  at  Ticonderoga,  and  was  pro 
moted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  .was 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  Germantown, 
and  Monmouth,  and  in  1779  captured  the  fortress 
at  Stony  Point.  In  1781  he  was  ordered  to  join 
Lafayette  in  Virginia,  with  the  Pennsylvania  forces ; 
and,  having  received  information  that  Cornwallis 
had  crossed  the  James  River,  with  the  main  body 
of  his  army,  he  pressed  forward  with  800  men  to 
attack  his  rear-guard,  but,  to  his  great  astonishment, 
found  the  enemy,  to  the  amount  of  4000,  drawn  up 
to  meet  him.  A  retreat  was  impossible,  and  he 
resolved  to  make  a  violent  attack,  and,  by  some 
coup  de  main,  extricate  himself  from  his  perilous 
situation.  The  ruse  succeeded,  and  Cornwallis, 
supposing  that  Wayne's  subsequent  retreat  was  in 
tended  to  draw  him  into  an  ambuscade  formed  by 
Lafayette,  did  not  follow  in  pursuit.  He  was  after 
ward  very  successful  in  the  Southern  States.  In 
1792  he  succeeded  St.  Clair  in  command  of  the 
western  army,  and  gained  a  complete  victory  over 
the  Indians,  at  the  Miamies,  in  1794.  He  died  in 
1796. 


88 


MONTEITH'S    HISTORY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


WEBSTER,  DANIEL,  LL.  D.,  one  of  the  eminent 
statesmen  of  his  time,  was  born  in  New  Hampshire 
in  1782.  He  received  a  classical  education  at  Dart 
mouth  College,  and  taught  school  during  the  inter 
vals  of  study,  to  defray  his  college  expenses.  He 
afterward  commenced  the  study  of  law,  and  was  ad 
mitted  to  the  bar  in  1805.  In  1812  he  was  elected 
to  Congress,  and  soon  displayed  those  remarkable 
powers  as  an  orator  and  statesman  for  which  he 
became  so  distinguished.  After  being  frequently 
re-elected  to  Congress,  and  gaining  a  world-wide 
fame  by  his  speeches  and  talents  as  a  lawyer,  he 
was  appointed  Secretafy  of  State  under  General 
Harrison,  in  1840.  He  negotiated  the  Ashburton 
treaty  in  1842,  which  settled  the  question  of  the 
northeastern  boundary,  and  put  an  end  to  a  long 
and  threatening  dispute  with  Great  Britain.  He 
soon  after  resigned  his  office,  and  was  appointed 
senator  from  Massachusetts.  On  the  accession  of 
Mr.  Fillmore  to  the  Presidency,  he  was  again  made 
Secretary  of  State,  and  retained  that  office  until  his 
death.  His  orations  are  among  the  very  brightest 
gems  of  modern  eloquence,  and  his  talents  as  a  law 
yer  were  second  to  none.  He  died  at  his  residence 
at  Marshfield,  in  1852. 

WILLIAMS,  ROGER,  the  founder  of  the  Provi 
dence  Plantations,  was  born  in  Wales,  in  1599. 
Being  a  dissenter,  he  came  to  America,  hoping  to 
enjoy  religious  freedom,  in  1631,  and  preached  un 
til  1636  at  Salem  and  Plymouth.  At  that  time  he 
was  banished,  on  account  of  his  religious  opinions, 
and  removed,  with  several  others,  to  Rhode  Island, 
where  he  laid  the  foundation  of  Providence,  after 
honestly  purchasing  the  ground  from  the  Indians, 
whom  he  always  treated  with  the  greatest  kindness. 
There  he  established  the  first  society  which  enjoyed 
perfect  liberty  of  conscience.  For  several  years  he 
was  president  of  the  colony.  lie  died  in  1683. 

WOLFE,  JAMES,  an  English  general,  born  in 
Westerham,  Kent,  in  the  year  1726,  was  a  son  of 


General  Edward  Wolfe.  He  was  highly  eminent 
for  his  bravery,  coolness,  and  judgment,  as  well  as 
for  his  success  in  disciplining  his  men,  who  reposed 
unbounded  confidence  in  their  able  commander. 
In  conjunction  with  General  Amherst,  he  distin 
guished  himself  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Louis- 
burg,  in  1758.  In  1759,  Pitt  conferred  upon  him 
the  command  of  the  expedition  to  attack  Quebec. 
Wolfe  reached  the  Isle  of  Orleans,  in  the  St.  Law 
rence,  on  the  26th  of  June,  with  a  force  of  8000 
troops,  and  a  fleet  of  twenty-two  ships  of  the  line, 
under  Admiral  Saunders.  Early  on  the  morning  of 
September  13th,  Wolfe,  with  5000  troops,  ascended 
the  heights,  and  was  met  by  Montcalm,  on  the  field 
of  battle,  just  before  noon.  The  battle  was  severe ; 
Wolfe  was  wounded  in  the  Avrist,  soon  after  was 
struck  by  a  second  ball,  and  while  still  leading  on 
his  troops  was  struck  by  a  third  ball,  in  the  breast, 
when  he  was  carried  to  the  rear  of  his  army,  and 
expired  on  the  field. 

WORTH,  WILLIAM  J.,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  was  born  in  1794.  He  served  in 
the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  was  in  the 
battles  of  Chippewa  and  Lundy's  Lane.  After  the 
peace,  he  was  for  some  time  superintendent  of  the 
academy  at  West  Point.  He  subsequently  served 
in  the  Florida  war,  and  afterward  obtained  great 
distinction  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  He  fought  at 
Monterey,  Molino  del  Rey,  Cerro  Gordo,  Cherubus- 
co,  and  at  the  storming  of  the  gates  of  Mexico.  In 
courage  he  had  no  superior,  and  was,  next  to  Scott 
and  Taylor,  the  most  popular  general  in  the  war. 
He  died  in  Texas,  in  1849.  A  splendid  monument 
has  been  erected  to  his  memory  in  the  city  of  New 
York. 

YALE,  ELinu,  a  native  of  New  Haven,  who  ac 
quired  a  large  fortune  in  the  East  Indies,  and  made 
such  munificent  donations  to  uie  college  of  his  na 
tive  town,  as  entitled  him  to  the  honor  of  having  it 
called  Yale  College.  He  died  in  1721. 


t) 


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